友誼數

數論中,友誼數是指二個正整數m和n滿足σ(m)/m = σ(n)/n的關係,其中σ(n)是因數函數,則稱它們是朋友,此二個整數互為友誼數。

例如(1+2+4+5+8+10+16+20+40+80)/80 = (1+2+4+5+8+10+20+25+40+50+100+200)/200 = 93/40,因此80200都是友誼數。

友誼數為传递关系,若m和n為友誼數,n和p為友誼數,則m和p必為友誼數。

所有的已知的友誼數有6, 12, 24, 28, 30, ...(OEISA074902,按σ(n)/n相同的組對排列:OEISA050973OEISA050973

確定不是友誼數的數即為孤獨數。但有些數尚未能證明它是否為孤獨數,例如10。

範例

另一個例子:30和140形成友誼數的一對,因為30和140具有相同的豐度:

數字2480、6200、40640也是該俱樂部成員,因為它們各自的豐度等於12/5。

作為奇數的友誼數,請考慮135和819(豐度16/9),也有一奇一偶的友誼數,例如:42和544635(豐度16/7),奇數的朋友也可能小於偶數,例如:84729645和155315394(豐度896/351)或6517665、14705145、1119251474478和2746713837618(豐度64/27)。

平方數可以是友誼數,例如:693479556(26334的平方)和8640、52416的豐度都是127/36,立方數也可以是友誼數,例如:3375(15的立方)和6975的豐度都是416/225。

較小整數的狀況

在下表中,藍色背景數字證明是友誼數,紅色背景數字證明是孤獨數,如果n和σ(n)互質則不標顏色,其他未知狀況用黃色標示。

1 1 1
2 3 3/2
3 4 4/3
4 7 7/4
5 6 6/5
6 12 2
7 8 8/7
8 15 15/8
9 13 13/9
10 18 9/5
11 12 12/11
12 28 7/3
13 14 14/13
14 24 12/7
15 24 8/5
16 31 31/16
17 18 18/17
18 39 13/6
19 20 20/19
20 42 21/10
21 32 32/21
22 36 18/11
23 24 24/23
24 60 5/2
25 31 31/25
26 42 21/13
27 40 40/27
28 56 2
29 30 30/29
30 72 12/5
31 32 32/31
32 63 63/32
33 48 16/11
34 54 27/17
35 48 48/35
36 91 91/36
37 38 38/37
38 60 30/19
39 56 56/39
40 90 9/4
41 42 42/41
42 96 16/7
43 44 44/43
44 84 21/11
45 78 26/15
46 72 36/23
47 48 48/47
48 124 31/12
49 57 57/49
50 93 93/50
51 72 24/17
52 98 49/26
53 54 54/53
54 120 20/9
55 72 72/55
56 120 15/7
57 80 80/57
58 90 45/29
59 60 60/59
60 168 14/5
61 62 62/61
62 96 48/31
63 104 104/63
64 127 127/64
65 84 84/65
66 144 24/11
67 68 68/67
68 126 63/34
69 96 32/23
70 144 72/35
71 72 72/71
72 195 65/24
73 74 74/73
74 114 57/37
75 124 124/75
76 140 35/19
77 96 96/77
78 168 28/13
79 80 80/79
80 186 93/40
81 121 121/81
82 126 63/41
83 84 84/83
84 224 8/3
85 108 108/85
86 132 66/43
87 120 40/29
88 180 45/22
89 90 90/89
90 234 13/5
91 112 16/13
92 168 42/23
93 128 128/93
94 144 72/47
95 120 24/19
96 252 21/8
97 98 98/97
98 171 171/98
99 156 52/33
100 217 217/100
101 102 102/101
102 216 36/17
103 104 104/103
104 210 105/52
105 192 64/35
106 162 81/53
107 108 108/107
108 280 70/27
109 110 110/109
110 216 108/55
111 152 152/111
112 248 31/14
113 114 114/113
114 240 40/19
115 144 144/115
116 210 105/58
117 182 14/9
118 180 90/59
119 144 144/119
120 360 3
121 133 133/121
122 186 93/61
123 168 56/41
124 224 56/31
125 156 156/125
126 312 52/21
127 128 128/127
128 255 255/128
129 176 176/129
130 252 126/65
131 132 132/131
132 336 28/11
133 160 160/133
134 204 102/67
135 240 16/9
136 270 135/68
137 138 138/137
138 288 48/23
139 140 140/139
140 336 12/5
141 192 64/47
142 216 108/71
143 168 168/143
144 403 403/144
145 180 36/29
146 222 111/73
147 228 76/49
148 266 133/74
149 150 150/149
150 372 62/25
151 152 152/151
152 300 75/38
153 234 26/17
154 288 144/77
155 192 192/155
156 392 98/39
157 158 158/157
158 240 120/79
159 216 72/53
160 378 189/80
161 192 192/161
162 363 121/54
163 164 164/163
164 294 147/82
165 288 96/55
166 252 126/83
167 168 168/167
168 480 20/7
169 183 183/169
170 324 162/85
171 260 260/171
172 308 77/43
173 174 174/173
174 360 60/29
175 248 248/175
176 372 93/44
177 240 80/59
178 270 135/89
179 180 180/179
180 546 91/30

大的友誼數群

若三個或三個以上的正整數,其因數函數除以自身的比值相等,則這些正整數形成友誼數群(friendly number club)。換言之,友誼數群是友誼數關係的等價類。目前還不知道是否有由無限多個正整數組成的友誼數群。完全數的因數函數為自身的2倍,因此所有完全數形成一個友誼數群,推測應該會有無限多個完全數(至少會和梅森質數的個數一樣多),但尚未被證明。

孤獨數

不與其他數組成友誼數對的正整數稱為孤獨數solitary number)。

所有滿足( n, σ(n) ) = 1的nOEISA014567)都是孤獨數,因此所有質數都是孤獨數。n, σ(n)非互質的孤獨數已知有18, 45, 48, ... (OEISA095739)。10, 14, 15, 20等數未能證明它是否孤獨數。

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