北齊(550年—577年)是中国北朝之鲜卑化汉人政权[2][3]。550年6月9日(庚午年五月戊午日),由文宣帝高洋取代东魏建立,建國號齊[4][5],建元天保,遷都鄴城,以晉陽為別都。史稱北齊或後齊,以別於南齊。因其皇室姓高,故又稱高齊。北齊歷經文宣帝高洋、廢帝高殷、孝昭帝高演、武成帝高湛、后主高緯、幼主高恆六帝,577年被北周攻滅,共享國二十七年。
北齊國勢本來頗為強盛,但由於北齊帝王多為殘暴昏庸之主,導致政治情勢混亂,國勢也日漸衰落。
后主時期,北周在周武帝的统治下日渐兴盛,而北齐则衰落,更枉杀大将斛律光、高长恭。577年北周統一北方,北齊滅亡。北齊滅亡後,境内的士族大多遷到關中[6],成为北周臣民。范阳王高绍义逃奔突厥投靠他钵可汗。北齐营州刺史高宝宁不降周,奉高绍义为主继续抵抗。后来北周与突厥关系改善,580年,高绍义遭他钵可汗出卖被交给北周。
581年北周外戚楊堅篡位,建國號隋,583年消灭高宝宁势力,589年南下滅陳,結束中原自魏晉南北朝長達四百年的分裂局面。
北齐继承了东魏所控制的地区,占有今黄河下游流域的河北、河南、山东、山西以及苏北、皖北的广阔地区。同时与其并存的王朝有西魏、北周(取代西魏)、梁(含西梁、东梁)、陈(取代梁,但只占有前者部分领土)等。在齐后主高纬时期,因为南陈太建北伐,丢失了从南梁夺取长江以北的淮南之地。
北齐天保三年(552年)以后,北击库莫奚、东北逐契丹、西北破柔然,西平山胡(属匈奴),南取淮南,势力一直延伸到长江边,这时北齐的国力达到鼎盛。北齐的农业、盐铁业、瓷器制造业都相当发达,是和与其鼎立的陈、北周三个国家中最富庶的。北齐继续推行均田制,大体上与北魏相同,但也略有变化。例如,北齐取消了受倍田的规定,不过一夫一妇的实际受田数仍相当于倍田,北魏对奴婢受田没有限制。北齐则按官品限制在300人至600人之间。另外还规定了赋税。
此外,魏收於此時編寫了《魏書》。
东魏和北齐初创之际,兵制继承北魏,兵民分离,鲜卑人为兵[7]。在齐文宣帝时改革,军人出现汉人勇夫[8],但没有改变兵民、汉胡之分[9]。
后在河清三年(564年),出现一种新的兵制[10],将当兵与种田结合起来,成为隋文帝改革府兵制的模板。
周灭北齐时,北齐有在籍户籍 3,032,528 户,20,006,880 口。[11]
佛教及印度、中亞、西亞文化在本時期持續對藝術產生重大影響。部分中國史上最精緻的佛像座落於北齊的佛寺洞窟寺,這些佛像說明當時製作佛雕的工藝,以及北魏以來藝術風格的快速進展。一些大型陶雕源自北齊。北齊的陶器的特色包括雙色以上的釉色,白胎陶器亦於此時期發展。此時期繪畫品質極高,由太原的婁叡墓壁畫可見一斑。[12]
北齐首都邺城繁华昌盛,布局有致,邺城之盛就在北齐时期。
至崇化三年,爲周師所滅。有戶三百三萬二千五百二十八,口二千萬六千八百八十。
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Лада. Лада Страна Россия Город Тольятти Основан 31 августа 1976; 47 лет назад (1976-08-31) Прежние названия до 1990 — Торпедо Домашняя арена Лада-Арена (на 6000[1]) Цвета Хоккей
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) لُعبت مرحلة المجموعات الثانية في دوري أبطال أوروبا 2000–01 ما بين 21 نوفمبر 2000 و14 مارس 2001. 16 فريقاً متأهلين من
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