List of English football champions

This article is about men's English football league champions. For women's champions, see List of English women's football champions.

List of English football champions
Football League First Division (1888–1992)
Premier League (1992–present)
Members of the Leicester City team lifting the Premier League trophy
Leicester City celebrate winning the 2015–16 Premier League
Country
 England
Founded
1888
Number of teams
24 winners
Current champions
Manchester City (2023–24)
Most successful club
Manchester United (20 championships)

The English football champions are the winners of the top-level league in English men's football, which since the 1992–93 season has been called the Premier League.

Following the codification of professional football by the Football Association in 1885,[1] the Football League was established in 1888, after meetings initiated by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[2] At the end of the 1888–89 season, Preston North End were the first club to be crowned champions after completing their fixtures unbeaten.[3]

The league's early years were dominated by teams from the North and Midlands, where professionalism had been embraced more readily than in the South of England.[4] It was teams such as Preston North End, Aston Villa and Sunderland that held the league title in monopoly. Its status as the country's pre-eminent league was strengthened in 1892, when the rival Football Alliance was absorbed into the Football League.[5] Former Alliance clubs comprised the bulk of a new Second Division, from which promotion to the top level could be gained. It was not until 1931 that a Southern club were crowned champions, when Herbert Chapman's Arsenal secured the title.[6]

Rules stipulating a maximum wage for players were abolished in 1961. This resulted in a shift of power towards bigger clubs with more financial means.[7] Financial considerations became an even bigger influence from 1992, when the teams then in the First Division defected to form the FA Premier League. This supplanted the Football League First Division as the highest level of football in England,[8] and due to a series of progressively larger television contracts, put unprecedented wealth into the hands of top flight clubs.[9] The first five champions in the Premier League era – Arsenal, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City and Manchester United – had all won the title at least once prior to 1992. Leicester City were champions for the first time in 2016, becoming the first team to win the Premier League without having previously won the First Division. Other than inaugural league champions Preston North End, Ipswich Town remain the only club to win the top flight division at their first attempt in the 1961–62 season.[10]

All the clubs which have ever been champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system. Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title, having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles. The name change took place in 1929.[citation needed]

Manchester United have won twenty titles (both English First Division and Premier League titles),[11] the most of any club.[12] United's rivals Liverpool are second with nineteen. Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s (winning eleven league titles between 1973 and 1990), while Manchester United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under manager Alex Ferguson (eleven league titles between 1993 and 2009). Arsenal are third with thirteen titles, having dominated during the 1930s (five league titles between 1931 and 1938). Manchester City are fourth with ten titles, of which eight have been won in the 2010s and 2020s. Everton are fifth with nine titles. Aston Villa (seven) and Sunderland (six) secured the majority of their titles before the 1920s. Chelsea (six) won the majority of their titles in the 21st century (between 2005 and 2017).[citation needed] Manchester City became the first men's team to win the league title in four consecutive seasons in 2024.[13] 24 clubs have won the top level title in English football.

All figures are correct as of the end of the 2023–24 season.

List of champions

Ed. Season Champions (number of titles) Runners-up Third place Winning manager
Football League (1888–1892)
1
 1888–89 Preston North End[a][b] (1) Aston Villa Wolverhampton Wanderers William Sudell (secretary manager)
2
 1889–90 Preston North End (2) Everton Blackburn Rovers William Sudell (secretary manager)
3
 1890–91 Everton (1) Preston North End Notts County Dick Molyneux (secretary manager)
4
 1891–92 Sunderland (1) Preston North End Bolton Wanderers Tom Watson
Football League First Division (1892–1992)
5
 1892–93 Sunderland (2) Preston North End Everton Tom Watson
6
 1893–94 Aston Villa (1) Sunderland Derby County George Ramsay
7
 1894–95 Sunderland (3) Everton Aston Villa Tom Watson
8
 1895–96 Aston Villa (2) Derby County Everton George Ramsay
9
 1896–97 Aston Villa[b] (3) Sheffield United Derby County George Ramsay
10
 1897–98 Sheffield United (1) Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers Joseph Wostinholm
11
 1898–99 Aston Villa (4) Liverpool Burnley George Ramsay
12
 1899–1900 Aston Villa (5) Sheffield United Sunderland George Ramsay
13
 1900–01 Liverpool (1) Sunderland Notts County Tom Watson
14
 1901–02 Sunderland (4) Everton Newcastle United Alex Mackie
15
 1902–03 The Wednesday[c] (1) Aston Villa Sunderland Arthur Dickinson
16
 1903–04 The Wednesday[c] (2) Manchester City Everton Arthur Dickinson
17
 1904–05 Newcastle United (1) Everton Manchester City Frank Watt (secretary manager)
18
 1905–06 Liverpool (2) Preston North End The Wednesday Tom Watson
19
 1906–07 Newcastle United (2) Bristol City Everton Frank Watt (secretary manager)
20
 1907–08 Manchester United (1) Aston Villa Manchester City Ernest Mangnall
21
 1908–09 Newcastle United (3) Everton Sunderland Frank Watt (secretary manager)
22
 1909–10 Aston Villa (6) Liverpool Blackburn Rovers George Ramsay
23
 1910–11 Manchester United (2) Aston Villa Sunderland Ernest Mangnall
24
 1911–12 Blackburn Rovers (1) Everton Newcastle United Robert Middleton
25
 1912–13 Sunderland (5) Aston Villa The Wednesday Bob Kyle
26
 1913–14 Blackburn Rovers (2) Aston Villa Middlesbrough Robert Middleton
27
 1914–15 Everton (2) Oldham Athletic Blackburn Rovers Will Cuff (secretary manager)
–
 1915–16 to 1918–19 League suspended due to the First World War
28
 1919–20 West Bromwich Albion (1) Burnley Chelsea Fred Everiss
29
 1920–21 Burnley (1) Manchester City Bolton Wanderers John Haworth
30
 1921–22 Liverpool (3) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley David Ashworth
31
 1922–23 Liverpool (4) Sunderland Huddersfield Town Matt McQueen
32
 1923–24 Huddersfield Town (1) Cardiff City Sunderland Herbert Chapman
33
 1924–25 Huddersfield Town (2) West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Herbert Chapman
34
 1925–26 Huddersfield Town (3) Arsenal Sunderland Cecil Potter
35
 1926–27 Newcastle United (4) Huddersfield Town Sunderland Frank Watt (secretary manager)
36
 1927–28 Everton (3) Huddersfield Town Leicester City Thomas McIntosh (secretary manager)
37
 1928–29 The Wednesday[c] (3) Leicester City Aston Villa Robert Brown
38
 1929–30 Sheffield Wednesday (4) Derby County Manchester City Robert Brown
39
 1930–31 Arsenal (1) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Herbert Chapman
40
 1931–32 Everton (4) Arsenal Sheffield Wednesday Thomas McIntosh (secretary manager)
41
 1932–33 Arsenal (2) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Herbert Chapman
42
 1933–34 Arsenal (3) Huddersfield Town Tottenham Hotspur Joe Shaw (caretaker)
43
 1934–35 Arsenal (4) Sunderland Sheffield Wednesday George Allison
44
 1935–36 Sunderland (6) Derby County Huddersfield Town Johnny Cochrane
45
 1936–37 Manchester City (1) Charlton Athletic Arsenal Wilf Wild
46
 1937–38 Arsenal (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End George Allison
47
 1938–39 Everton (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Theo Kelly (secretary manager)
–
 1939–40 to 1945–46 League suspended due to the Second World War
48
 1946–47 Liverpool (5) Manchester United Wolverhampton Wanderers George Kay
49
 1947–48 Arsenal (6) Manchester United Burnley Tom Whittaker
50
 1948–49 Portsmouth (1) Manchester United Derby County Bob Jackson
51
 1949–50 Portsmouth (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunderland Bob Jackson
52
 1950–51 Tottenham Hotspur (1) Manchester United Blackpool Arthur Rowe
53
 1951–52 Manchester United (3) Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal Matt Busby
54
 1952–53 Arsenal (7) Preston North End Wolverhampton Wanderers Tom Whittaker
55
 1953–54 Wolverhampton Wanderers (1) West Bromwich Albion Huddersfield Town Stan Cullis
56
 1954–55 Chelsea (1) Wolverhampton Wanderers Portsmouth Ted Drake
57
 1955–56 Manchester United (4) Blackpool Wolverhampton Wanderers Matt Busby
58
 1956–57 Manchester United (5) Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End Matt Busby
59
 1957–58 Wolverhampton Wanderers (2) Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur Stan Cullis
60
 1958–59 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3) Manchester United Arsenal Stan Cullis
61
 1959–60 Burnley (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Tottenham Hotspur Harry Potts
62
 1960–61 Tottenham Hotspur[b] (2) Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton Wanderers Bill Nicholson
63
 1961–62 Ipswich Town (1) Burnley Tottenham Hotspur Alf Ramsey
64
 1962–63 Everton (6) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Harry Catterick
65
 1963–64 Liverpool (6) Manchester United Everton Bill Shankly
66
 1964–65 Manchester United (6) Leeds United Chelsea Matt Busby
67
 1965–66 Liverpool (7) Leeds United Burnley Bill Shankly
68
 1966–67 Manchester United (7) Nottingham Forest Tottenham Hotspur Matt Busby
69
 1967–68 Manchester City (2) Manchester United Liverpool Joe Mercer
70
 1968–69 Leeds United (1) Liverpool Everton Don Revie
71
 1969–70 Everton (7) Leeds United Chelsea Harry Catterick
72
 1970–71 Arsenal[b] (8) Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Bertie Mee
73
 1971–72 Derby County (1) Leeds United Liverpool Brian Clough
74
 1972–73 Liverpool[d] (8) Arsenal Leeds United Bill Shankly
75
 1973–74 Leeds United (2) Liverpool Derby County Don Revie
76
 1974–75 Derby County (2) Liverpool Ipswich Town Dave Mackay
77
 1975–76 Liverpool[d] (9) Queens Park Rangers Manchester United Bob Paisley
78
 1976–77 Liverpool[e] (10) Manchester City Ipswich Town Bob Paisley
79
 1977–78 Nottingham Forest[f] (1) Liverpool Everton Brian Clough
80
 1978–79 Liverpool (11) Nottingham Forest West Bromwich Albion Bob Paisley
81
 1979–80 Liverpool (12) Manchester United Ipswich Town Bob Paisley
82
 1980–81 Aston Villa (7) Ipswich Town Arsenal Ron Saunders
83
 1981–82[g] Liverpool[f] (13) Ipswich Town Manchester United Bob Paisley
84
 1982–83 Liverpool[f] (14) Watford Manchester United Bob Paisley
85
 1983–84 Liverpool[e][f] (15) Southampton Nottingham Forest Joe Fagan
86
 1984–85 Everton[h] (8) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Howard Kendall
87
 1985–86 Liverpool[b] (16) Everton West Ham United Kenny Dalglish
88
 1986–87 Everton (9) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Howard Kendall
89
 1987–88 Liverpool (17) Manchester United Nottingham Forest Kenny Dalglish
90
 1988–89 Arsenal (9) Liverpool Nottingham Forest George Graham
91
 1989–90 Liverpool (18) Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur Kenny Dalglish
92
 1990–91 Arsenal (10) Liverpool Crystal Palace George Graham
93
 1991–92 Leeds United (3) Manchester United Sheffield Wednesday Howard Wilkinson
Premier League (1992–present)
94
 1992–93 Manchester United (8) Aston Villa Norwich City Alex Ferguson
95
 1993–94 Manchester United[b] (9) Blackburn Rovers Newcastle United Alex Ferguson
96
 1994–95 Blackburn Rovers (3) Manchester United Nottingham Forest Kenny Dalglish
97
 1995–96 Manchester United[b] (10) Newcastle United Liverpool Alex Ferguson
98
 1996–97 Manchester United (11) Newcastle United Arsenal Alex Ferguson
99
 1997–98 Arsenal[b] (11) Manchester United Liverpool Arsène Wenger
100
 1998–99 Manchester United[i] (12) Arsenal Chelsea Alex Ferguson
101
 1999–00 Manchester United[j] (13) Arsenal Leeds United Alex Ferguson
102
 2000–01 Manchester United (14) Arsenal Liverpool Alex Ferguson
103
 2001–02 Arsenal[b] (12) Liverpool Manchester United Arsène Wenger
104
 2002–03 Manchester United (15) Arsenal Newcastle United Alex Ferguson
105
 2003–04 Arsenal[a] (13) Chelsea Manchester United Arsène Wenger
106
 2004–05 Chelsea[f] (2) Arsenal Manchester United José Mourinho
107
 2005–06 Chelsea (3) Manchester United Liverpool José Mourinho
108
 2006–07 Manchester United (16) Chelsea Liverpool Alex Ferguson
109
 2007–08 Manchester United[e] (17) Chelsea Arsenal Alex Ferguson
110
 2008–09 Manchester United[f][k] (18) Liverpool Chelsea Alex Ferguson
111
 2009–10 Chelsea[b] (4) Manchester United Arsenal Carlo Ancelotti
112
 2010–11 Manchester United (19) Chelsea Manchester City Alex Ferguson
113
 2011–12 Manchester City (3) Manchester United Arsenal Roberto Mancini
114
 2012–13 Manchester United (20) Manchester City Chelsea Alex Ferguson
115
 2013–14 Manchester City[f] (4) Liverpool Chelsea Manuel Pellegrini
116
 2014–15 Chelsea[f] (5) Manchester City Arsenal José Mourinho
117
 2015–16 Leicester City (1) Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur Claudio Ranieri
118
 2016–17 Chelsea (6) Tottenham Hotspur Manchester City Antonio Conte
119
 2017–18 Manchester City[f] (5) Manchester United Tottenham Hotspur Pep Guardiola
120
 2018–19 Manchester City[l] (6) Liverpool Chelsea Pep Guardiola
121
 2019–20 Liverpool (19) Manchester City Manchester United Jürgen Klopp
122
 2020–21 Manchester City[f] (7) Manchester United Liverpool Pep Guardiola
123
 2021–22 Manchester City (8) Liverpool Chelsea Pep Guardiola
124
 2022–23 Manchester City[m] (9) Arsenal Manchester United Pep Guardiola
125
 2023–24 Manchester City (10) Arsenal Liverpool Pep Guardiola

Total titles won

There are 24 clubs which have won the English top level title, including 7 which have won the Premier League (1992–present). The most recent to join the list were Leicester City (2015–16 champions) and before that, Nottingham Forest (1977–78) and Derby County (1971–72).[citation needed]

Seven teams have at some point held first or joint first place in the number of titles won: Preston North End (1889–1895), Sunderland (1893–1899 and 1936–1953), Aston Villa (1897–1953), Arsenal (1948–1976), Liverpool (1966–1971 and 1973–2011), Manchester United (1967–1971 and 2009–present) and Everton (1970–1971).[citation needed]

Eight teams have finished as runners-up without ever finishing top: Bristol City (1906–07), Oldham Athletic (1914–15), Cardiff City (1923–24), Charlton Athletic (1936–37), Blackpool (1955–56), Queens Park Rangers (1975–76), Watford (1982–83) and Southampton (1983–84). Of these, Cardiff City came closest to winning the league, matching champions Huddersfield Town in points but losing out on goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded), the precursor to goal difference. Cardiff are also the only club from outside England to finish in the top two of the elite English football championship.[citation needed] Portsmouth are the only team ever to be crowned champions of England (twice) but never having finished runner-up.

The longest current wait for former winners to regain their title as English league champions stands at 134 years, for current EFL Championship side, Preston North End F.C., winners of the first two editions of the Football League, and never champions of England since. The longest gap between winning titles is the 81 years between the 1913–14 Football League title and the 1994–95 FA Premier League title, both won by Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Teams in bold currently compete in the Premier League as of the 2024–25 season.[citation needed]

Rank Club Winners Runners-up Winning seasons
1 Manchester United 20 17 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
2 Liverpool 19 15 1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90, 2019–20
3 Arsenal 13 11 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04
4 Manchester City 10 6 1936–37, 1967–68, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24
5 Everton 9 7 1890–91, 1914–15, 1927–28, 1931–32, 1938–39, 1962–63, 1969–70, 1984–85, 1986–87
6 Aston Villa 7 10 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
7 Sunderland 6 5 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Chelsea 6 4 1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17
9 Newcastle United 4 2 1904–05, 1906–07, 1908–09, 1926–27
Sheffield Wednesday 4 1 1902–03, 1903–04, 1928–29, 1929–30
11 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 5 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
Leeds United 3 5 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Huddersfield Town 3 3 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26
Blackburn Rovers 3 1 1911–12, 1913–14, 1994–95
15 Preston North End 2 6 1888–89, 1889–90
Tottenham Hotspur 2 5 1950–51, 1960–61
Derby County 2 3 1971–72, 1974–75
Burnley 2 2 1920–21, 1959–60
Portsmouth 2 0 1948–49, 1949–50
20 Sheffield United 1 2 1897–98
West Bromwich Albion 1 2 1919–20
Ipswich Town 1 2 1961–62
Nottingham Forest 1 2 1977–78
Leicester City 1 1 2015–16

By region

Region Championships Clubs
North West 65 Manchester United (20), Liverpool (19), Manchester City (10), Everton (9), Blackburn Rovers (3), Preston North End (2), Burnley (2)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Yorkshire 11 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Huddersfield Town (3), Leeds United (3), Sheffield United (1)
West Midlands 11 Aston Villa (7), Wolverhampton Wanderers (3), West Bromwich Albion (1)
North East 10 Sunderland (6), Newcastle United (4)
East Midlands 4 Derby County (2), Leicester City (1), Nottingham Forest (1)
South East 2 Portsmouth (2)
East 1 Ipswich Town (1)
South West 0
Wales 0

By city/town

  Club playing in a City status
  Club playing in a Town status
City / Town Championships Clubs
Manchester 30 Manchester United (20), Manchester City (10)
Liverpool 28 Liverpool (19), Everton (9)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Birmingham 7 Aston Villa (7)
Sunderland [n] 6 Sunderland (6)
Sheffield 5 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Sheffield United (1)
Newcastle 4 Newcastle United (4)
Blackburn 3 Blackburn Rovers (3)
Huddersfield 3 Huddersfield Town (3)
Leeds 3 Leeds United (3)
Wolverhampton 3 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3)
Burnley 2 Burnley (2)
Derby [o] 2 Derby County (2)
Portsmouth 2 Portsmouth (2)
Preston [p] 2 Preston North End (2)
Ipswich 1 Ipswich Town (1)
Leicester 1 Leicester City (1)
Nottingham 1 Nottingham Forest (1)
West Bromwich 1 West Bromwich Albion (1)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Completed the season unbeaten.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also won the FA Cup
  3. ^ a b c Sheffield Wednesday were known as The Wednesday until 1929.
  4. ^ a b Also won the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League.
  5. ^ a b c Also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also won the League Cup/EFL Cup.
  7. ^ From the 1981–82 season onwards three points were awarded for a win. Prior to this a win gave two points.
  8. ^ Also won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.
  9. ^ Manchester United won a continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League in 1999.
  10. ^ Also won the Intercontinental Cup
  11. ^ Also won the FIFA Club World Cup
  12. ^ Manchester City won a domestic treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and EFL Cup in 2019.
  13. ^ Manchester City won a continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League in 2023.
  14. ^ Sunderland acquired City status in 1992 during the Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II. All 6 league titles were won before 1992.
  15. ^ Derby acquired City status in 1977 during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Both league titles were won before 1977.
  16. ^ Preston acquired City status in 2002 during the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Both league titles were won before 2002.

References

General

  • "Past winners". The Football League. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  • "England – List of Champions". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  • "English League Leading Goalscorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2009.

Specific

  1. ^ "The History of the Football League". The Football League. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2006.
  2. ^ Inglis, Simon (1988). League Football and the Men Who Made It. Willow Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-00-218242-3.
  3. ^ Titford, Roger (November 2005). "Football League, 1888–89". When Saturday Comes. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  4. ^ Goldblatt, David (2007). The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. London: Penguin. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8.
  5. ^ Inglis, League Football and the Men Who Made It, p25
  6. ^ "Free-scoring Gunners clinch first title". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  7. ^ Dart, Tom (25 May 2009). "Burnley: little town, big traditions". The Times. London. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  8. ^ "A History of The Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  9. ^ Harris, Nick (7 February 2009). "£1.78bn: Record Premier League TV deal defies economic slump". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  10. ^ Barber, Gavin (15 July 2022). "When Ipswich won the title as a newly promoted club under Alf Ramsey". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  11. ^ Patel, Mahesh (17 December 2022). "Manchester United Titles". Lootrs. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  12. ^ Nurse, Howard (14 May 2011). "Blackburn 1–1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  13. ^ Stone, Simon (19 May 2024). "Manchester City 3–1 West Ham United". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The composition of the epic operatic tetralogy The Ring of the Nibelung occupied Richard Wagner for more than a quarter of a century. Conceived around 1848, the work was not finished until 1874, less than two years before the entire cycle was given its p...

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