六甲基钨

六甲基钨
Stereo, skeletal formula of hexamethyltungsten with all implicit hydrogens shown, and assorted dimensions
Ball and stick model of hexamethyltungsten
别名 Tungsten hexamethyl
识别
CAS号 36133-73-0  checkY
PubChem 142049
ChemSpider 11659456
SMILES
 
  • C[W](C)(C)(C)(C)C
Gmelin 505585
ChEBI 30522
性质
化学式 C6H18W
摩尔质量 274.05 g·mol−1
外观 紅色結晶狀晶體 / 鮮紅色氣體
结构
分子构型 三角棱柱
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

六甲基鎢是一種過渡金屬烷基配合物英语transition metal alkyl complex,化學式,又可以寫作。它在室溫下是一種對空氣敏感的紅色結晶狀固體;可是,它的揮發性非常高,在−30 °C會升華。由於它具備六個甲基,因此極易溶於石油芳香烴有機溶劑[1][2]

分子結構

六甲基鎢采用扭曲的三角棱柱分子結構。其框架具有C3v 點群,而整個分子而言(包含氫)具有 C6點群。六甲基鎢的框架的結構可被想象成中間有一個中心原子(鎢),上下各有一組呈三角形的(一組有三個碳原子)。其中一組的三角形角度比較大(鍵角大)而比較近中心原子(鍵長短),而另外一組的三角形則相反,比較小(鍵角小),但距離中心原子較爲遠(鍵長長)。

一般的六配位金屬配合物的分子結構大部分都采取八面體形分子構型。但六甲基鎢是個特別的例子[3]。其他采用扭曲的三角棱柱結構的化合物有[MoMe6], [NbMe
6
]
,和[TaPh
6
]
。采用普通的三角棱柱結構的化合物有[ReMe6] (d1), [TaMe
6
]
(d0),和[ZrMe
6
]2−
(d0)[4]。這些化合物不采用八面體形分子構型的原因是二階姜-泰勒效應英语Pseudo Jahn–Teller effect[5][6]。而在Seppelt 和 Pfennig的研究以前,Landis等人早已在1995年透過價鍵理論VALBOND計算英语VALBOND預測到六甲基鎢的結構是扭曲的三角棱柱[7][8]

最初,人們觀察六甲基鎢的紅外光譜時誤以爲其結構為八面體形分子構型。在1978年有份光電子能譜學的研究似乎證實了最初的判斷[9]。八面體形分子構型的判定維持了20年。直到1989年,化學家Girolami 和 Morse 以X射線晶體學證明了 [Zr(CH
3
)
6
]2−
是三角棱柱分子結構[10]。他們更預測到 [Nb(CH
3
)
6
]
[Ta(CH
3
)
6
]
、 W(CH3)6等d0 ML6 化合物會有三角棱柱的結構。這引起其他科學家對六甲基鎢結構的研究。通過氣相電子繞射,Volden et al.確認六甲基鎢采用具有 D3hC3v 點群的三角棱柱分子結構[11]。在1996年,Seppelt et al.透過X光單晶繞射儀發現六甲基鎢采用扭曲的三角棱柱分子結構,這發現在1998年得以證實[12]

合成

在1973年,Wilkinson和 Shortland首次發表了六甲基鎢的合成的報告,他們在乙醚甲基鋰六氯化鎢反應,成功製備六甲基鎢[1]。他們合成的動機在於之前科學家的研究發現具四面體結構的過渡金屬甲基配合物是熱不穩定的化合物,同時希望可以證明到具八面體形分子構型的過渡金屬甲基配合物可以更穩定。在1976年,Wilkinson 和 Galyer改良了先前的合成方法,改用三甲基鋁三甲胺來代替甲基鋰[13]。其化學式如下:


亦可使用二甲基鋅來烷基化六鹵化鎢[14],化學式如下:


反應

六甲基鎢會在室溫下分解[1],化學式大致如下:


與很多有機金屬化合物相似,六甲基鎢會與氧氣反應。它跟酸的反應會生成甲烷和其他不明的鎢化合物。

在−90 °C 的環境下,六甲基鎢可以跟被氖氣稀釋的氟氣反應,生成,產率為50%[15]是一種揮發性極高的白色固體。

潛在用途

科學家就利用六甲基鎢來生產用以薄膜的化學氣相沉積半導體裝置,在1991年於日本申請專利[16]。但是直到現在,人們不用六甲基鎢,反而使用六氟化鎢和氫氣來生產這種裝置[17]

安全

有報告指出即使在沒有空氣的情況下使用六甲基鎢,依然發生嚴重的爆炸[18][19]

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shortland, A. J.; Wilkinson, G. Preparation and properties of hexamethyltungsten. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1973, (8): 872–876. doi:10.1039/DT9730000872. 
  2. ^ Koutsospyros, A.; Braida, W.; Christodoulatos, C.; Dermatas D.; N. Strigul, N. A review of tungsten: From environmental obscurity to scrutiny. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2006, 136 (1): 1–19. PMID 16343746. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.007. 
  3. ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. Inorganic Chemistry 2nd. Prentice Hall. 2004: 725. ISBN 978-0130399137. 
  4. ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. Inorganic Chemistry 2nd. Prentice Hall. 2004. ISBN 978-0130399137. 
  5. ^ Seppelt, Konrad. Nonoctahedral Structures. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2003, 36 (2): 147–153. PMID 12589700. doi:10.1021/ar020052o. 
  6. ^ Kaupp, M. The Nonoctahedral Structures of d0, d1, and d2 Hexamethyl Complexes. Chemistry: A European Journal. 1998, 4 (9): 1678–86. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(19980904)4:9<1678::AID-CHEM1678>3.0.CO;2-N. 
  7. ^ Landis, C. K.; Cleveland, T.; Firman, T. K. Making sense of the shapes of simple metal hydrides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (6): 1859–1860. doi:10.1021/ja00111a036. 
  8. ^ Landis, C. K.; Cleveland, T.; Firman, T. K. Structure of W(CH3)6. Science. 1996, 272 (5259): 182–183. doi:10.1126/science.272.5259.182b. 
  9. ^ Green, J. C.; Lloyd, D. R.; Galyer, L.; Mertis, K.; Wilkinson, G. Photoelectron spectra of some transition metal alkyls and oxoalkyls. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1978, (10): 1403. doi:10.1039/DT9780001403. 
  10. ^ Morse, P. M.; Girolami, G. S. Are d0 ML6 complexes always octahedral? The x-ray structure of trigonal-prismatic [Li(tmed)]2[ZrMe6]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111 (11): 4114. doi:10.1021/ja00193a061. 
  11. ^ Haalan, A.; Hammel, A.; Rydpal, K.; Volden, H. V. The coordination geometry of gaseous hexamethyltungsten is not octahedral. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112 (11): 4547–4549. doi:10.1021/ja00167a065. 
  12. ^ Seppelt, K.; Pfennig, V. Crystal and Molecular Structures of Hexamethyltungsten and Hexamethylrhenium. Science. 1996, 271 (5249): 626. doi:10.1126/science.271.5249.626. 
  13. ^ Galyer, A. L.; Wilkinson, G. New synthesis of hexamethyltungsten(VI). The octamethyltungstate-(VI) lon. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1976, (21): 2235. doi:10.1039/DT9760002235. 
  14. ^ Kleinhenz, S.; Pfennig, V.; Seppelt, K. Preparation and Structures of [W(CH3)6], [Re(CH3)6], [Nb(CH3)6], and [Ta(CH3)6]. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4 (9): 1687. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(19980904)4:9<1687::AID-CHEM1687>3.0.CO;2-R. 
  15. ^ Banks, R. E. Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium: Fascinated by Fluorine. Elsevier. 2000-12-04 [2021-08-25]. ISBN 9780080531793. (原始内容存档于2021-08-25) (英语). 
  16. ^ Matsumoto, S.; Ikeda, O.; Ohmi, K. (Canon K. K., Japan). Eur. Pat. Appl.. 1991. 
  17. ^ Kirss, R. U.; Meda, L. Chemical vapor deposition of tungsten oxide (PDF). Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 1998, 12 (3): 155–160 [2021-08-25]. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199803)12:3<155::AID-AOC688>3.0.CO;2-Z. hdl:2027.42/38321可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-28). 
  18. ^ Mertis, K.; Galyer, L.; Wilkinson, G. Permethyls of tantalum, tungsten and rhenium: a warning. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 1975, 97 (3): C65. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)89324-9. 
  19. ^ Green, J. C.; Lloyd, D. R.; Galyer, L.; Mertis, K.; Wilkinson, G. Photoelectron spectra of some transition metal alkyls and oxoalkyls. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1978, (10): 1403. doi:10.1039/DT9780001403. 

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