一条兼良

一条兼良(日語:一条 兼良/いちじょう かねよし)(1402-1481),日本战国时代初期关白、文学家,后因以太阁身份出家,又被称作一条禅閤。号桃华老人三关老人、东斋,法名觉惠。兼良汉学水平非常高,且著述颇丰。要之则有《日本纪纂疏》、《樵谈治要》、《尺素往来》等,他有自己的藏书室桃华坊,在应仁之乱后还写成其藏书目录《夜半醒来》,为日本文化在乱世的保存做出了贡献。[1]在《樵谈治要》中,一条兼良针对当时的社会情况和乱象,提出了著名的政治学词汇“下克上”。[2]

生平

其父一条经嗣,为二条摄政良基之子。后因一条房经绝嗣而过继至一条家。兼良即经嗣三子。兼良的母亲出自菅原氏东坊城家,为东坊城秀长(式部大辅秀长)之女。兼良生于应永九年五月七日,年十五岁便靠着名门荫子法而担任权大纳言。应永二十八年二十岁时升任内大臣,并约于此时前后娶中御门宣俊之女(后被称为东御方)为妻。三十一年,任右大臣。永享元年,任左大臣。在足利义持时代,兼良的生活与室町幕府一样,属于全盛时期。他与大纳言广桥兼宣、外戚日野资国相往来,关系紧密。足利义教担任将军后,赠予兼良尾张、摄津两国的领地。永享四年,兼良曾短暂地担任过摄政,随后便让位与二条持基。其原因则是原本担任左大臣的他因为将军升官而暂时被任命为摄政,待到将军义教升任至左大臣后,兼良便又退了下来,仍由二条持基担任摄政。[3]

从短暂的摄政任职期上卸任后,二条持基继续摄政的十四年间,兼良专心于学问,编撰了《敕撰新续古今和歌集》。文安三年,任太政大臣,位在新任摄政近卫房嗣之后。翌年,通过将军足利义胜之母日野氏的关系,罢免了房嗣,终于担任关白藤氏长者,赐兵仗、许牛车入宫。然而,当时舆论对此却不无非议。享德二年四月,罢官,至六月准三宫宣下,食邑三千户,如忠仁公故事。享德末年,日本发生了饥荒,饥民逃入京都,一日饿死者以七百八计。长禄二年,兼良让位与其子一条教房。应仁元年,第三次出任关白,成为日本战国时代第一任关白。[3]

但是,藤氏公卿在足利义政的怠政下也遭遇了兵燹,该年九月十九日,兼良的藏书楼桃华坊被焚,其中的藏书和宝物都化作了灰烬。兼良遂把剩余的文献移至光明峰寺保管,却连同藤原氏祖宗墓地再度被兵乱焚毁。根据本居宣长的推算,至少有三万五千卷书籍于此时流失。不久,其孙一条政房在兵库死于农民一揆。根据《应仁记》的记载,兼良称自己“悔未能生于武家”。随后便把兵库福原庄捐赠给了藤原氏祖庙春日大社和兴福寺。兼良在奈良避难了一段时间,直到文明九年为止。期间,兼良曾应斋藤妙椿之邀赴美浓与之会面并在当地旅行,还在稻叶山城斋藤利国会过面。兼良于这段旅途中所记下的记行以这样一段文字开头:

蝴蝶梦中,贪百年之乐。蜗牛角上,论二国之诤。言善言恶,只是等闲之事。总之,一心烦恼便成愚。

旅行结束后,兼良即于大乘院出家。文明九年十二月,在多方邀请下,兼良上洛并觐见了天皇。七十八岁高龄之际,他还前往越前国拜访了大名朝仓孝景。文明十三年四月二日,兼良去世。享年八十岁。中御门宣胤对此发出哀叹道:“朝廷之仪向,后谁人可指南乎?公家之灭亡时刻到来歟?”[3]

兼良有子教房寻尊等多人。其子孙在一条氏旧领的庄园上建立了土佐一条家,成为亦公亦武的大名。

参考文献

  1. ^ 内藤, 湖南. 日本文化史研究. 北京: 商务印书馆. : 123–130. ISBN 9787100165327. 
  2. ^ 《樵谈治要》此たびはじめて出來れる足がるは超過したる惡黨也。其故は洛中洛外の諸社。諸寺。五山十刹。公家。門跡の滅亡はかれらが所行也。。。。。。さもこそ下剋上の世ならめ。
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 福井, 久藏. 一条兼良. 厚生阁. [2019-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-07). 

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