Α-變形菌

α-变形菌纲
穿透式電子顯微鏡下的昆蟲細胞,細胞被沃爾巴克體(Wolbachia)感染
授權:Public Library of Science / Scott O'Neill
科学分类 编辑
域: 细菌域 Bacteria
门: 假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
纲: α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria
Garrity et al. 2006
亞綱

α-變形菌Alphaproteobacteria)是變形菌門(Proteobacteria)下的一個[3]。此綱的成員變異性極大,且共通點極少,但他們確實系出同源。α-變形菌大多都是革兰氏阴性菌,而有些包內寄生的物種缺少肽聚醣,而造成革蘭氏染色變異。[3][4]

特性

α-變形菌包含多種細菌,其中包含光自營細菌、植物共生菌(如根瘤菌)、內共生細菌(如Wolbachia),和胞內寄生細菌(如立克次體)。

此外,本綱還包含已滅絕的Proto-mitochondrion英语Proto-mitochondrion真核生物的祖先攝入了此種細菌,進行內共生作用,成為後來的粒線體[2]。還有一種生物技術上很喜歡使用的農桿菌(Rhizobium radiobacter)也是本綱成員,科學家常常使用本物種來將外來DNA導入植物基因體中。[5]另外,一些光自營生物像是遍在遠洋桿菌Pelagibacter ubique)也屬於此綱,α-變形菌的微生物可能佔了海洋微生物的10%左右。

演化及基因體

關於本綱所屬的目,有人反對現行的分類法,尤其是Pelagibacterales英语Pelagibacterales的地位,但大體上大家還是普遍接受。細菌的分類學一直是分類學家相當頭痛的問題,因為細菌的基因會彼此互相交流,且基因歧異度相當高(像是遍在遠洋桿菌由於他的寄生行為,就會精簡化他的基因體)。在某些目中,其成員的GC含量變異也大的誇張[2]。舉個例子,像是Pelagibacterales立克次體目Rickettsiales)和Holosporales三者的基因體都含有高AT含量,有人認為那其實是趨同演化所導致的假象[6][7][8],而反對方也有他們自己的論述[2][9][10][11]。後來有人發現用以判斷分類依據的rRNA中,GC含量好像好像不太會受基因體變異影響。因此,rRNA中GC含量較高的 Holosporales 就被和低GC含量的Pelagibacterales立克次體目分開了[2]

α-變形菌綱下有三個亞綱Magnetococcidae立克次體亞綱Rickettsidae)和柄桿菌亞綱(Caulobacteridae[2]基群Magnetococcidae,此類別包含了許多趋磁细菌(由於趨磁細菌為多系群,因此只有部分包含於α-變形菌之下)[12]立克次體亞綱則由細胞內寄生的立克次體目(Rickettsiales),以及可以在胞外單獨生存的Pelagibacterales。柄桿菌亞綱則由Holosporales、紅螺旋菌目(Rhodospirillales)、鞘脂單胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)、紅細菌目( Rhodobacterales)、柄桿菌目(Caulobacterales)、KiloniellalesKordiimonadales、短小盒菌目(Parvularculales),和Sneathiellales

α-变形菌纲包括以下亚纲:

Magnetococcidae亚纲
Rickettidae亚纲
Caulobacteridae亚纲

系統發生學

以下表格是根據美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)[4][14] 而樹狀圖則是根據'The All-Species Living Tree' Project英语'The All-Species Living Tree' Project所提供的16s rRNA分析結果[15]

?Aquaspirillum polymorphum(Williams and Rittenberg 1957) Hylemon et al. 1973

?FurvibacterLee et al. 2007

?Kopriimonas byunsanensisKwon et al. 2005

?Magnetococcus marinus Bazylinski et al. 2012 (in press)

?Micavibrio aeruginosavorusLambina et al. 1983

?Polymorphum gilvumCai 2010

?Reyranella massiliensis Pagnier et al. 2011

?Ronia tepidophila

?Subaequorebacter tamlenseLee 2006

?Tuberoidobacter mutans

?Vibrio adaptatus Muir et al. 1990

?Vibrio cyclosites Muir et al. 1990

Rhodovibrio

紅螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 2

Tistrella

紅螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 3

紅螺菌科 Rhodospirillaceae 4

Defluviicoccus vanus Maszenan et al. 2005

Elioraea tepidiphila Albuquerque et al. 2008

Acetobacteraceae

立克次體目 Rickettsiales (包含線粒體

Sneathiella

Sphingomonadaceae (包含Erythrobacteraceae, Caulobacter leidyi, Asticcacaulis

Rhodothalassium salexigens (Drews 1982) Imhoff et al. 1998

Kordiimonas

紅螺菌科 1 [包含Roseospirillum parvum, Kiloniella laminariae, Terasakiella pusilla]

根瘤菌目 [包含Caulobacteraceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Parvularcula & Streptomyces longisporoflavus]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Jana Grote, J. Cameron Thrash, Megan J. Huggett, Zachary C. Landry, Paul Carini, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Michael S. Rappé. Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade. mBio. 2012, 3 (5) [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 3448164可免费查阅. PMID 22991429. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Matteo P. Ferla, J. Cameron Thrash, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Wayne M. Patrick. New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability. PloS One. 2013, 8 (12): e83383 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3859672可免费查阅. PMID 24349502. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. (原始内容存档于2019-05-10). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. George M. Garrity , 编. The Proteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2C 2nd. New York: Springer. July 26, 2005: 1388 [1984(Williams & Wilkins)] [2014-11-08]. ISBN 978-0-387-24145-6. British Library no. GBA561951. (原始内容存档于2015-02-19). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 J.P. Euzéby. Alphaproteobacteria. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-27). 
  5. ^ Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW., Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis, Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):263-71.
  6. ^ Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, T. Martin Embley. The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria. PloS One. 2012, 7 (1): e30520 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3264578可免费查阅. PMID 22291975. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030520. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  7. ^ Johan Viklund, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson. Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012-02, 29 (2): 599–615 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 21900598. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr203. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  8. ^ Johan Viklund, Joran Martijn, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson. Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade. PloS One. 2013, 8 (11): e78858 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3815206可免费查阅. PMID 24223857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078858. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  9. ^ Kalliopi Georgiades, Mohammed-Amine Madoui, Phuong Le, Catherine Robert, Didier Raoult. Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion. PloS One. 2011, 6 (9): e24857 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3177885可免费查阅. PMID 21957463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024857. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  10. ^ J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni. Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade. Scientific Reports. 2011, 1: 13 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3216501可免费查阅. PMID 22355532. doi:10.1038/srep00013. (原始内容存档于2019-10-15). 
  11. ^ Kelly P. Williams, Bruno W. Sobral, Allan W. Dickerman. A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007-07, 189 (13): 4578–4586 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1913456可免费查阅. PMID 17483224. doi:10.1128/JB.00269-07. (原始内容存档于2020-05-12). 
  12. ^ Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. (2012) Magnetococcus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (Magnetococcaceae fam. nov.; Magnetococcales ord. nov.) at the base of the Alphaproteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0
  13. ^ Jana Grote, J. Cameron Thrash, Megan J. Huggett, Zachary C. Landry, Paul Carini, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Michael S. Rappé. Streamlining and core genome conservation among highly divergent members of the SAR11 clade. mBio. 2012, 3 (5) [2019-02-12]. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 3448164可免费查阅. PMID 22991429. doi:10.1128/mBio.00252-12. (原始内容存档于2019-05-27). 
  14. ^ Sayers; et al. Alphaproteobacteria. 美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI) taxonomy database. [2011-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-15). 
  15. ^ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree) (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. [2011-11-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-08-11). 

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