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根瘤菌属
	琼脂平皿上的热带根瘤箘。
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
门：	假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
纲：	α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria
目：	根瘤菌目 Rhizobiales
科：	根瘤菌科 Rhizobiaceae
属：	根瘤菌属 Rhizobium; Frank, 1889
模式種
	Rhizobium leguminosarum; (Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
Species
	See text.

根瘤菌主要指与豆类作物根部共生形成根瘤并能固氮的细菌，一般指根瘤菌属和慢生根瘤菌属；两属都属于根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根内，刺激根部皮层和中柱鞘的某些细胞，引起这些细胞的强烈生长，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根内定居，植物供给根瘤菌以矿物养料和能源，根瘤菌固定大气中游离氮气，为植物提供氮素养料，两者在拮抗寄生关系中处于均衡状态而表现共生现象。

根瘤菌细胞呈杆状，有鞭毛和荚膜，鞭毛为正常的活动器官，无芽孢，革兰氏染色阴性，属需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌体形式多种多样，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，这种变形的菌体成为类菌体；类菌体在豆科植物体内不生长繁殖，却能与豆科植物共同固氮，对豆科植物有良好作用。

每种根瘤菌只能与一种或几种植物建立共生关系，如下表：

根瘤菌种类	对应共生植物
苜蓿根瘤菌	苜蓿、草木樨
三叶草根瘤菌	三叶草
豌豆根瘤菌	豌豆、蚕豆
菜豆根瘤菌	菜豆
紫云英根瘤菌	紫云英
大豆根瘤菌	大豆
豇豆根瘤菌	豇豆、花生、绿豆、赤豆、柽麻、扁豆、刀豆等

此外，还有些微生物能同非豆类植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放线菌（如：小头木麻黄、赤杨、杨梅）、蓝绿菌（如：苏铁、竹柏、满江红）。

下属物种

根瘤菌属包括以下物种：

Rhizobium acaciae Hsouna et al. 2023^[2]
Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016
埃及根瘤菌 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2017
Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017
Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011
Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009，为Neorhizobium alkalisoli (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
安徽根瘤菌 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019
Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017
Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020
Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium beringeri Young et al. 2023^[3]
Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium borbori Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
Rhizobium brockwellii Young et al. 2023^[4]
Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019
Rhizobium ciceri Nour et al. 1994，为Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
Rhizobium croatiense Rajnovic et al. 2023^[5]
大田根瘤菌 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005^[6]
Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020
Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017
Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
Rhizobium fredii Scholla and Elkan 1984，为Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的异名
Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989，为Neorhizobium galegae (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
格氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016
Rhizobium giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2012
海南根瘤菌 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015
Rhizobium herbae Ren et al. 2011，为Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020
华氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium huakuii Chen et al. 1991，为Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998，为Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016
Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
日本根瘤菌 Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，为Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的异名
Rhizobium johnstonii Young et al. 2023^[7]
Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
Rhizobium larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，为Agrobacterium larrymoorei Bouzar and Jones 2001的异名
豌豆根瘤菌 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014
Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2012
Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003，为Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
Rhizobium loti Jarvis et al. 1982，为Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基异名：Phytomyxa lupini Schroeter 1886
Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015
Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
地中海根瘤菌 Rhizobium mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard 1926，为Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的异名
Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2012
Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
内蒙根瘤菌 Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2018
Rhizobium nepotum Puławska et al. 2012，为Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008，为Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
稻生根瘤菌 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium oryziradicis Zhao et al. 2017，为Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的异名
巴基斯坦根瘤菌 Rhizobium pakistanense Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis
Rhizobium paknamense Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013
Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926
Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
Rhizobium populisoli Shen et al. 2022^[8]
Rhizobium pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011，为Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的异名
Rhizobium redzepovicii Rajnovic et al. 2023^[9]
Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020
Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
Rhizobium rhododendri Kuzmanović et al. 2023^[10]
Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的异名
Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020
Rhizobium selenitireducens Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens
Rhizobium setariae Kang and Seo 2023
Rhizobium skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2015
土壤根瘤菌 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2015
Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2015
Rhizobium sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
太白山根瘤菌 Rhizobium taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012，为Allorhizobium taibaishanense (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2013
土生根瘤菌 Rhizobium terricola Dahal et al. 2023^[11]
天山根瘤菌 Rhizobium tianshanense Chen et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
西藏根瘤菌 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard 1926，为Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的异名
Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019
Rhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998的异名
Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011
Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011，为Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
Rhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
文新根瘤菌 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及细菌分类学家、中国科学院院士陈文新的名字命名
梧州根瘤菌 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018^[12]
杨凌根瘤菌 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
盐亭根瘤菌 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015
Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017

参考资料

^ J.P. Euzéby. Rhizobium. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). [2012-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2012年5月23日）.
^ Hsouna J, Ilahi H, Han JC, Gritli T, Ellouze W, Zhang XX, Mansouri M, Rahi P, El Idrissi MM, Lamrabet M, et al. Rhizobium acaciae sp. nov., a new nitrogen-fixing symbiovar isolated from root nodules of Acacia saligna in Tunisia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5900.
^ Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
^ Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
^ Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
^ Quan, Z. X., Bae, H. S., Baek, J. H., Chen, W. F., Im, W. T., Lee, S. T. (2005). Rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov., isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor. Int.J.Syst.Evol.Microbiol. 55 : 2543-2549 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280524
^ Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
^ Shen L, Liu JJ, Liu PX, An MM, He XW, Zhao GZ. A non-symbiotic novel species, Rhizobium populisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Populus popularis. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:50.
^ Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
^ Kuzmanovic N, diCenzo GC, Bunk B, Sproer C, Fruhling A, Neumann-Schaal M, Overmann J, Smalla K. Genomics of the "tumorigenes" clade of the family Rhizobiaceae and description of Rhizobium rhododendri sp. nov. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1352.
^ Dahal RH, Chaudhary DK, Kim J, Kim D-U, Kim J. Genome insight and description of previously uncultured N2-fixing bacterium Rhizobium terricola sp. nov., isolated from forest rhizospheric soil by using modified culture method. Diversity 2022; 14:733.
^ Yuan T , Liu L , Huang S ,et al.Rhizobium wuzhouense sp. Nov. isolated from roots of Oryza officinalis[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2018, 68(9):51.DOI:10.1099/ijsem.0.002921.