T-38教练机是一架雙座超音速雙發噴射機，在美國空軍作為噴射教練機（英语：Jet trainer）運用，機隊經過多度改良，在美軍中已服役50多年。
1952年，諾斯羅普進行新型噴射機研發計畫，為諾斯羅普N-102（英语：Northrop N-102 Fang），N-102計畫配備J79渦輪噴射發動機，由於J79本身就是具重量巨大的發動機，以它為核心設計的機種無可避免的也得大型化。但是在1953年，通用電器向諾斯羅普展示了它們研發的新型噴射發動機，發動機的重量約400磅，可提供2,500磅的推力。諾斯羅普副總裁兼航空工程師埃德加·舒默德（英语：Edgar Schmued）意識到小型引擎為研製輕量級噴射機開闢出一條可行方案。舒默德和諾斯羅普總工程師Welko Gasich討論後決定推動一款雙引擎小型噴射機計畫，公司內部編號N-156。
N-156計畫在1954年正式開始，初期目標是設計一架可由護航航空母艦操作的小型超音速噴射機。不過美國海軍後來決定將全航空母艦皆由超級航空母艦級別的艦隊編成後，輕型噴射機沒有市場；但是諾廠繼續該計畫，並將N-156重新命名為N-156F，計畫將它打造為一架輕型戰鬥機，拓展外銷。
在同時，美國空軍發布新型超音速教練機需求，取代1940年代服役只能在穿音速以下操作的T-33教練機。諾廠改良的N-156投入競標，代號N-156T，與N-156T競逐的對手則是北美飛機以F-100超級軍刀戰鬥機雙座型版本。和諾斯羅普比較，F-100飛行表現雖然不像是架適合的教練機，但是她已經在服役序列，擁有運用上的優勢。不過諾斯羅普向美軍提出了極其低廉的全壽期操作成本計算，美軍被這個計算給說服，1956年決定由諾斯羅普得標，並為美軍打造3架原型機。
YT-38原型機在1959年4月10日首飛，在相當短時間內便完曾測試驗收，進入量產。1961年初，量產型T-38A撥交美軍，在1961年3月17日開始擔負訓練任務，與其同期服役的初級噴射教練機為T-37鳴鳥式教練機，兩款機種構成美軍的教育訓練主力。T-38量產從1959年至1972年，包含原型機一共產製了1,187架。自T-38服役以來，美國空軍至少有5萬位飛官接受過這款教練機的培訓。
T-38的气动外形设计优良，飞控系统安全可靠，美国空军超音速飞机最好安全纪录至今由其保持。截止至1971年，T-38教练机的事故率为1.2/100000飞行小时。
美國在T-38之後，也選定了以N-156作為國際軍事援助計畫的空軍武裝載臺，重新武裝化的N-156F最後演化成F-5戰鬥機，至今仍在運用中。
絕大多數量產的T-38是只有簡易飛控裝置的T-38A，但有少量經過改裝加設瞄準裝置、發射配線與機腹派龍架，可掛載機炮莢艙、火箭、炸彈等進行訓練，這種改良型稱為AT-38B。至2015年時，美軍仍有504架T-38系列在操作，為了延長操作年限，這批戰機後來接受數位化航電裝置升級，並授予T-38C之新編號。
中華民國空軍在建軍史上，一共有二次使用T-38高級教練機的記錄。第一次在1972年為配合美軍的要求，提供48架F-5A戰機予越南共和國空軍（南越空軍）使用，美國則以28架T-38高級教練機提供給中華民國空軍為補償。第二次在1995年，中華民國空軍在購得F-16A/B Block20戰機後，為有效運用新一代戰機服役前的訓練流路，讓所有的F-5F戰機都能執行戰備任務，以子鷹計畫為代號，向美國租借40架T-38高級教練機。1995年3月16日，中華民國空軍向美國租借的40架T38教練機首批經水路運抵花蓮港，1995年5月24日，第八聯隊14及15訓練中隊換裝T38教練機，由參謀總長劉和謙上將於花蓮佳山基地主持成軍暨開訓典禮。
在F-16戰機等新一代戰機逐步交機，T-38也完成了他們做為銜接任務的設定使命，大部分T-38在1998年租約到期後便除役歸還美國，僅留下1架作為紀念。
T-38高級教練機在中華民國空軍服役期間，共發生三次意外。
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