RmYN02病毒

RmYN02病毒
病毒分類 编辑
(未分级) 病毒 Virus
域: 核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界: 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门: 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲: 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目: 套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科: 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属: 乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus
亚属: SARS乙型冠状病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus
种:
毒株
RmYN02病毒 RmYN02

RmYN02病毒(BetaCoV/Rm/Yunnan/YN02/2019)是嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒(SARSr-CoV)的一個病毒株,於2019年在中國雲南馬來亞菊頭蝠的糞便樣本中發現,並於次年(2020年)發表。此病毒與造成2019冠狀病毒病疫情嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)親緣關係接近,兩者全基因组核酸序列相似度為93.3%[1],是已知與SARS-CoV-2相似度次高的病毒,僅次於RaTG13病毒的96.2%[2]

研究歷史

2019年5月至10月,研究人員在中國雲南省勐臘縣採集了302件蝙蝠皮膜與糞便標本[註 1],將樣本分組後,以一種已知的SARSr-CoV病毒Cp/Yunnan2011(JX993988)為參考序列,將樣本進行次世代元基因組測序,發現樣本中含有兩個新病毒株的基因組,以其宿主學名(Rhinolophus malayanus)、採集地點(雲南)與時間(2019年)命名為BetaCoV/Rm/Yunnan/YN01/2019與BetaCoV/Rm/Yunnan/YN02/2019,分別簡稱為RmYN01與RmYN02。RmYN01為23395nt的不完整序列,RmYN02則為29671nt的完整序列[1]

與SARS-CoV-2的比較

RmYN02病毒與嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)的全基因组核酸序列相似度為93.3%[註 2],稍低於RaTG13病毒與SARS-CoV-2的相似度96.2%。RmYN02病毒與SARS-CoV-2基因組的多數區域相似度均高於96%,兩者複製酶1ab的核酸序列相似度為97.2%,是已知複製酶與SARS-CoV-2最相似的病毒。但兩病毒刺突蛋白(S)基因的核酸和胺基酸序列相似度分別只有71.8%與72.9%,其中與宿主細胞受體血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)結合的受體結合結構域(receptor binding domain, RBD)胺基酸序列相似度僅有62.4%。相較之下,RaTG13和SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白核酸與胺基酸的相似度分別為92.9%與97.4%[1]

SARS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2、RaTG13與穿山甲冠狀病毒相較之下,RmYN02病毒的RBD有兩段序列缺失,可能會影響其與宿主細胞受體ACE2的結合能力。而SARS-CoV-2的RBD中與ACE2結合所需的6個關鍵胺基酸中[註 3],RmYN02與RaTG13皆只有一個位點和SARS-CoV-2的相同,2019年發現的穿山甲冠狀病毒(pangolin/GD/2019)和SARS-CoV-2全基因組序列的相似度雖較低,但兩者RBD的胺基酸序列相似度高達97.4%,且6個關鍵位點的胺基酸均與SARS-CoV-2相同[1]

SARS-CoV-2的刺突蛋白S1、S2次單元間有一脯胺酸-精胺酸-精胺酸-丙胺酸(PRRA)的插入序列,不見於類似的病毒中,此序列可被弗林蛋白酶切割而增加感染效率,有觀點認為此插入不尋常,可能顯示SARS-CoV-2是人工於實驗室中製造的產物,而非自然產生。RmYN02病毒在該區有一脯胺酸-丙胺酸-丙胺酸(PAA)的插入序列,是相關病毒中除SARS-CoV-2外唯一具有插入序列者,雖序列與其不同,應是獨立演化而來,但該序列的存在顯示此類插入序列可在野外自然發生[1][4]

以病毒全基因組序列繪製的系統發生樹顯示RmYN02與SARS-CoV-2的關係最接近,共同組成一個演化支;以複製酶序列繪製的系統發生樹中RmYN02和RaTG13為一演化支;以S基因與RBD序列繪製的系統發生樹中RmYN02與SARS-CoV-2的關係則較遠。這些病毒中各區域序列的相似度不一致,顯示它們可能曾發生基因重組[1]

演化樹

SARS-CoV-2與相關病毒株的系統發生樹[5][6] :

Rc-o319 與SARS-CoV-2相似度81 % · 角菊頭蝠 · 日本岩手县 (2013年採集、2020年發表)[7]

SL-ZXC21 88 % · 小菊頭蝠 · 中华人民共和国浙江舟山(2015年採集、2018年發表)[8]

SL-ZC45 88 % · 小菊頭蝠 · 中華人民共和國浙江舟山(2017年採集、2018年發表)[8]

Pangolin-CoV-GX 85.5 % · 馬來穿山甲 · 东南亚 (2017年採集、2020年發表)[9]

Pangolin-CoV-GD 90.1 % · 馬來穿山甲 · 东南亚 (2019年採集、2020年發表)[10]

RshSTT182 92.6 % · 扁顱菊頭蝠英语Rhinolophus shameli · 柬埔寨上丁省 (2010年採集、2021年發表)[6]

RshSTT200 92.6 % · 扁顱菊頭蝠 · 柬埔寨上丁省 (2010年採集、2021年發表)[6]

RacCS203英语RacCS203 91.5 % · 大角菊头蝠英语Rhinolophus acuminatus · 泰国差春騷府 (2020年採集、2021年發表)[5]

RmYN02 93.3 % · 馬來亞菊頭蝠 · 中華人民共和國雲南勐臘 (2019年採集、2020年發表)[1]

RaTG13 96.2 % · 中菊头蝠 · 中華人民共和國雲南墨江 (2013年採集、2020年發表)[11]

BANAL-52 96.8 % · 馬來亞菊頭蝠 · 寮國永珍省 (2020年採集、2022年發表)[12]

SARS-CoV-2 100 %

SARS-CoV 79%

  蝙蝠病毒
  穿山甲病毒
  人類病毒

註腳

  1. ^ 來自227隻蝙蝠,大多是馬來亞菊頭蝠中蹄蝠Hipposideros larvatus)與小褐菊头蝠Rhinolophus stheno[1]
  2. ^ RmYN01病毒與與SARS-CoV-2的相似度則為79.7%[1]
  3. ^ 白胺酸455、苯丙胺酸486、麩醯胺酸493、天門冬醯胺501與酪氨酸505[3]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein. Current Biology. 2020, 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023. 
  2. ^ Callaway, Ewen; Ledford, Heidi; Mallapaty, Smriti. Six months of coronavirus: the mysteries scientists are still racing to solve. Nature. 2020, 583 (7815): 178–179. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01989-z. 
  3. ^ Andersen, Kristian G.; Rambaut, Andrew; Lipkin, W. Ian; Holmes, Edward C.; Garry, Robert F. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine. 2020. ISSN 1078-8956. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. 
  4. ^ A close relative of SARS-CoV-2 found in bats offers more evidence it evolved naturally. Science Daily. 2020-05-11 [2021-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-18). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Wacharapluesadee S, Tan CW, Maneeorn P, Duengkae P, Zhu F, Joyjinda Y, et al. Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia. Nature Communications. February 2021, 12 (1): 972. PMC 7873279可免费查阅. PMID 33563978. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21240-1可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hul V, Delaune D, Karlsson EA, Hassanin A, Tey PO, Baidaliuk A, et al. A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia. bioRxiv: 2021.01.26.428212. 26 January 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428212 (英语). 
  7. ^ Murakami, Shin; Kitamura, Tomoya; Suzuki, Jin; Sato, Ryouta; Aoi, Toshiki; Fujii, Marina; Matsugo, Hiromichi; Kamiki, Haruhiko; Ishida, Hiroho; Takenaka-Uema, Akiko; Shimojima, Masayuki; Horimoto, Taisuke. Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (12): 3025–3029. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2612.203386. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Hu, Dan; Zhu, Changqiang; Ai, Lele; He, Ting; Wang, Yi; Ye, Fuqiang; Yang, Lu; Ding, Chenxi; Zhu, Xuhui; Lv, Ruicheng; Zhu, Jin; Hassan, Bachar; Feng, Youjun; Tan, Weilong; Wang, Changjun. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018, 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5. 
  9. ^ Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020, 583 (7815): 282–285. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0. 
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