美國心理學會於1998年就已做成正式決議Legal benefits for same-sex couples,表示贊同同性伴侶關係的合法化,在2004年也做成政策聲明支持同性婚姻。APA又於2011年做成另一項政策聲明,表明贊同同性婚姻。
[54]
美國醫學協會
美國醫學協會認為沒有證據證明LGBT家庭會更加忽視兒童的健康問題。[55]
美國醫學會(American Medical Association, AMA)政策宣示的H-60.940Partner Co-Adoption一節,表示支持同性伴侶收養小孩。[56]
美國訴溫莎案
在2013年的美國訴溫莎案(United States v. Windsor)中,涉及同性婚姻的憲法爭議,美國心理學會、美國醫學協會、美國兒科學會、美國精神分析學會、美國精神醫學學會、國家社工協會等各個重要的學術團體,在聯合撰寫給最高法院的法庭之友中表示:「認為同性戀者是比較不適任的父母或認為他們的孩子的心理健康和適應力不如異性戀父母的小孩是沒有科學基礎的。」[57]美國社會學學會(American Sociological Association)寫的法庭之友,結論同其他學門的見解:「學術界的共識很清楚:同性雙親的孩子過的跟異性戀父母的孩子一樣好。」[58]
2013年美國最高法院審理關於同性婚姻的憲法爭議時,有許多個別的學者或學術組織就這個議題公開表態。
規模最浩大的是這份由美國心理學會、美國兒科學會、美國醫學會、美國精神醫學學會、美國精神分析學會、國家社工協會等組織聯合發表的法庭之友(amicus curiae)表示:「認為同性戀者是比較不適任的父母或認為他們的孩子的心理健康和適應力不如異性戀父母的小孩是沒有科學基礎的」。[59]
美國精神醫學學會(American Psychiatric Association)於2002年做成的立場聲明: Position Statement on Adoption and Co-parenting of Children by Same-sex Couples,支持同性伴侶收養小孩。
該組織復於2005年做成Position Statement on Support of Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Civil Marriage的立場聲明,支持同性婚姻。
美國兒科學會(American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP)在理事會的委託其下的數個委員會就同性婚姻和同性戀者親職的問題進行研究,並於2006年公開其結論The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children一文。
美國兒科學會復於2013年做成政策宣告Promoting the Well-Being of Children Whose Parents Are Gay or Lesbian支持同性婚姻和同性戀者的收養。
「婚姻提供許多法律上的權利及義務,包括共同養育孩子的義務和共同為孩子決策(包括醫療上的決策)。一份來自美國兒科協會家庭任務組(AAP Task Force on the Family)的報告表示已婚的伴侶有更多的經濟和社會資源來撫育孩子。另外已婚的男人和女人相較於未婚的成年人在生理上和心理上都較為健康,也更少從事對健康有害的危險行為。」
Rosenfeld的研究受到質疑。Allen et al. (2012)認為Rosenfeld為了增加樣本家庭中的「穩定性」(household stability),將領養(adopted child/foster child)及繼養(stepchild)兒童,以及在過去5年內曾經遷居的家庭剔除在樣本以外,只計算孩子與同性雙親其中一方有血緣關係的同性家庭。[75]超過一半以上的樣本排除,只餘下3502個樣本家庭數目,所以才難以測出統計學上顯著差異。Allen et al.將原先被排除的樣本加入分析,發現已婚異性雙親家庭的孩子比同性雙親家庭的孩子多35%的良好發展(p<.01)。
Rosenfeld回應時指出Allen et al.的作法並非在研究「長期共同居住的家庭」而加入了其他類型的樣本[76],因此無法準確測量真正由同性雙親家庭撫養小孩的學業表現。
但是論文作者作者Douglas W. Allen在2014年美國DeBoer v. Snyder案中,以專家證人身分出庭,接受研究方法之檢驗時。Douglas Allen於法庭坦承,他的研究若控制了「雙親教育程度、婚姻狀況、五年以上穩定共同生活」等條件,同性伴侶和異性伴侶扶養的少年,就沒有差異[79]。
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner (eds). Family in society : essential primary sources.. Thomson Gale. 2006. ISBN 1414403305. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
Stacey, J. & Davenport, E. (2002) Queer Families Quack Back, in: D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. (London, SAGE Publications), 355-374.
New Zealand Law Commission: Adoption- Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38: 1999: ISBN 1-877187-44-5
^ 4.04.1Daniel Ottosson. LGBT world legal wrap up survey(PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). November 2006 [2010年1月21日]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2010年2月3日).
^David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 20). ISBN 0802086292.
^David Morton Rayside. Queer inclusions, continental divisions: public recognition of sexual diversity in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, 2008. p. 388 (p. 21). ISBN 0802086292.
^ 48.048.1Charlotte Patterson, et. al, "Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, November 7, 2007, pg. 2
^Paige, R. U. (2005). Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI. Retrieved November 18, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://www.apa.org/governance/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (To be published in Volume 60, Issue Number 5 of the American Psychologist.)
^amicus curiae brief - American Sociological Association(PDF). [2019-02-22]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2021-02-04). Allen accepting that his "report finds no statistically significant difference in graduation rates when you control for parental education and marital status and when you do control for five years of residential stability"
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This article may contain an excessive number of citations. Please help remove low-quality or irrelevant citations. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Medical conditionMild androgen insensitivity syndromeOther namesUndervirilized male syndromeAIS results when the function of the androgen receptor (AR) is impaired. The AR protein (pictured) mediates the effects of androgens in the human body.SpecialtyEndocrinology Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) is a c...
French prima ballerina (born 1959) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Élisabeth Platel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this ...
MureaumontcomuneMureaumont – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneAlta Francia Dipartimento Oise ArrondissementBeauvais CantoneGrandvilliers TerritorioCoordinate49°38′N 1°47′E49°38′N, 1°47′E (Mureaumont) Altitudine170 e 216 m s.l.m. Superficie4,79 km² Abitanti156[1] (2009) Densità32,57 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale60220 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE60444 CartografiaMureaumont Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Mureaumont ...