22°45′16″N 120°34′21″E / 22.7544271°N 120.5724080°E / 22.7544271; 120.5724080
鹽埔鄉(臺灣話:Iâm-poo-hiong;客家话:Yâm-phû-hiông)位於台灣屏東縣西北方,地處屏東平原之上,東側地勢較高,行政區域呈一長方形狀,東西狹長。北鄰高樹鄉,東端接三地門鄉、內埔鄉,南鄰長治鄉,西與西北鄰九如鄉、里港鄉。
鹽埔鄉原是由平埔原住民營居,介於山地與平地間的一片草埔。相傳明清時期,泉州漢人前來開墾,以十台車的食鹽向平地原住民換取這片土地;當時山地與平地間的草原地帶常被稱為「埔」,取其以食鹽換來的埔地之意,故名為「鹽埔」。或謂早期阿里港商人批發食鹽,因此地乾旱而作為曝曬或囤積之所,鹽埔之名始現[1]。
本鄉於清代隸屬台南府鳳山縣,西部為武洛溪漫流之地,少有人煙;東近高山原住民據地,開發較早。清治初期,漳泉移民湧入,開墾鹽北、西瓜園、隘寮、高朗朗等地。[2]乾隆25年(1760)之番界線,已移往鹽埔東方近山地帶,可知當時今鹽埔鄉境內已有不少漢人村莊。乾隆28年(1763),土地契約上已出現鹽埔庄的地名。[2]乾隆時期鹽埔東邊設有雙溪口隘。同一時期此地亦設有山豬毛汛。乾隆末期,有黃姓人家入墾。道光年間,建媽祖廟朝鳳宮,為鹽埔地區最早興建的廟宇。光緒年間輿圖可見高郎、鹽埔等地名。[3] 日治時期轉屬高雄州屏東郡稱鹽埔庄,設鹽埔庄役場於中村,管轄鹽埔、仕絨、新圍、高朗朗、西瓜園、彭厝、新大路關、舊大路關、舊隘寮、溪埔寮、下庄仔等部落。1930年代末期,下淡水溪整治計畫完成,日本政府開始開發武洛溪溪埔地,多以蔗糖、菸草相關產業為主,另設有常盤移民村。
戰後廢郡庄改隸高雄縣屏東區鹽埔鄉,庄役場改鄉公所。1950年,行政區域調整,改隸屏東縣。新大路關與舊大路關因隘寮溪阻隔,交通不便,劃歸高樹鄉;下庄仔距九如鄉較近,劃歸九如鄉。故本鄉迄今,轄有鹽北、鹽中、鹽南、仕絨、高朗、振興、久愛、新圍、新二、彭厝、洛陽、永隆十二村[4]。
根據屏東縣里港戶政事務所統計,2023年底鹽埔鄉戶數約8千戶,人口約2.4萬人,鄉內人口最多與最少的村分別是新二村與永隆村,2023年底兩村人口分別為3,832人與571人[6]。鹽埔鄉人口在1995年達到28,843人的巔峰值,但此後開始減少。
1926年的普查統計中,屏東郡鹽埔庄,6,400人籍貫為福建、2,100 人為廣東。(以移民時清朝及明朝的區域劃分福建省及廣東省。)
1926年的資料顯示,鹽埔鄉漳泉移民人數相當,各約百分之二十,另有龍巖州、永春州等地移民,鄉貫別較為複雜。與鹽埔本區的原始大租型態有關[8]。因該地多為番大租,非一般漢人墾號的形式,故籍貫統計較爲不均,昔日屏東地區僅里港鄉有相似分佈[9]。此外,鹽埔之臺灣潮州人比例甚高,在今屏東縣僅低於潮州鎮之29.7%[10]。對比1925年之國勢調查,鹽埔庄的潮州裔大多被認定為「廣東人」[11],即客家人。籍貫調查中彭厝庄、大路關庄兩地人口之和與1925年國勢調查鹽埔一地「廣東人」之統計相差無幾,可推斷當時鹽埔庄之潮州人屬客家民系機率為大。
戰後,彭厝庄一部分劃歸九如鄉玉泉村,包括主要的客籍聚落(今玉泉村下庄、圳寮、溪底)。而大路關庄劃為高樹鄉。今日鹽埔鄉除了洛陽村七分仔有客家人之聚落,永隆村溪埔寮為馬卡道族群居地之外,其餘居民皆為福佬人。
鹽埔鄉公所是鹽埔鄉最高層級的地方行政機關,在中華民國政府架構中為鄉自治的行政機關,同時負責執行縣政府及中央機關委辦事項。鹽埔鄉的自治監督機關為屏東縣政府。鄉長由全體鄉民直接選舉產生,任期為四年,可連選連任一次。鹽埔鄉公所並置鄉政會議,為鄉政最高決策機構,在鄉長之下,設有5課4室等9個內部單位及4個附屬機關[15]。
鹽埔鄉民代表會是鹽埔鄉的最高民意機關,代表鹽埔鄉全體鄉民立法和監察鄉政。鄉民代表由公民直選選出,任期為四年,可連選連任。鹽埔鄉民代表會共有11位鄉民代表,分別為第一選區5席鄉民代表、第二選區1席鄉民代表、第三選區3席鄉民代表、第四選區2席鄉民代表,主席、副主席由11位鄉民代表互選產生[16]。
現今鹽埔鄉行政範圍的確立,來自於1950年,調整行政區域,將原屬鹽埔鄉的舊大路關、新大路關改納入高樹鄉,同時鹽埔鄉改隸新成立的屏東縣[17]。
鹽埔鄉共轄12個村:
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