音拍

音拍（日语：モーラ，羅馬化：mora；梵語：मात्रा mātrā），是语言学上以固定长度划分的时间单位，与音节不同。經常以μ表示。

機制範例

漢語

在大多數汉语中，每一个音节的长度几乎是一样的（例如普通话中，“酣”han和“哈”ha长度相同），可以说音节就是拍，因此，汉语歷史上沒有發展出獨立於音節的拍的概念。

日本－琉球语族

参见：日語音系

在日本－琉球语族语言如日语中，“日本”一词（にほん nihon）读音介于“你鬨”和“你厚恩”之间，原因在于第二个音节“ほん hon”是一个音节两个音拍（汉语“鬨”是一音节一音拍，“厚恩”是两音节两音拍），也就是说，先读出“ho”，再用拖长声的办法把“-n”补上。

同样的，日本－琉球语族中“nai”的读法介于“奈”和“那以”之间，也是这个道理。日语就是有典型音拍特征的语言。日语一般以一假名作为一音拍，但是小寫假名（ぁ、ぃ、ぅ、ぇ、ぉ、ゃ、ゅ、ょ）例外，它們與前面的假名成為一體作一拍（例如拗音）。此外，ー（長音）、っ（促音）、ん（撥音）也算一音拍。而这些在国际音标分别表示为/Ｖː/（長元音）、/Ｃː/（長輔音）和/ɴ/，所以通常音拍数多于音节数。

日语词语 音拍数 音节数
猫(ねこ) 2“ね”“こ” 2/ne.ko/
河童(かっぱ) 3“か”“っ”“ぱ” 2/ka.pːa/
チョコレート 5“チョ”“コ”“レ”“ー”“ト” 4/tɕo.ko.ɾeː.to/

梵語

梵語中的音拍與日語情況類似，長元音兩拍，短元音一拍；梵語中稱音拍爲摩呾羅（時間單位，音節瞬間），這一用語同時用來指元音附標（摩多半字），不論長短。

其它

帶有元音弱化的语言一般音拍特征不明显，如印地語、英语。英語中塞音韵尾可能独立成音拍也可不独立，例如单词“bit”一般是两音拍，而“rabbit”中的“-bit”是单音拍音节，但这不是绝对的，具体情况完全因发音人而异，也与单词“bit”是否后接塞音起始的单词有关。

參見

參考文獻

  • Clark, John; Collin Yallop, and Janet Fletcher. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. 2007. ISBN 1405130830. 
  • Eduard Munk Die Metrik der Griechen und Römer. — Glogau, 1834.
  • Белов А. М. Вопрос о морах (оппозиция арифметической кратности в греческом и латинском языках) // Discipuli Magistro. К 80-летию Н.А. Федорова. — Москва, 2008. — С. 53–73. （俄文）
  • Белов А. М. Древнегреческая и латинская просодика (мора, ударение, ритмика). – Диссертация... доктора филол. наук. – М., 2011. （俄文）
  • Соболевский С. И. Древнегреческий язык. — М., 1948. （俄文）
  • Гаспаров М. Л. Очерк истории европейского стиха. — М., 2003. （俄文）
  • Цисык А. З., Шкурдюк И. А. Античная метрика. — Минск, 2004. （俄文）
  • Hadumod Bußmann: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 4. Aufl., Verlag Kröner, Stuttgart, 2008; ISBN 3-5204-5204-9. （德文）
  • Helmut Glück (Hrsg.): Metzler-Lexikon Sprache, 4. Aufl., Verlag J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart, 2010; ISBN 3-476-02335-4, S. 661, s.v. More 1. （德文）
  • T. Alan Hall: Phonologie. Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl. de Gruyter, Berlin & New York 2011, ISBN 3-11-021588-8, S. 265–271. （德文）

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