鋸鱗蝰屬

锯鳞蝰属
鋸鱗蝰E. carinatus
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行綱 Reptilia
目: 有鳞目 Squamata
亚目: 蛇亚目 Serpentes
科: 蝰科 Viperidae
亚科: 蝰亚科 Viperinae
属: 锯鳞蝰属 Echis
Merrem, 1820
異名
  • Echis - Merrem, 1820
  • Toxicoa - Gray, 1849
  • Turanechis - Cherlin, 1990[1]

鋸鱗蝰屬學名Echis)是蛇亞目蝰蛇科蝰亞科下的一個有毒蛇屬,主要分布於非洲中東巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡。鋸鱗蝰雖然體型較其它毒蛇細小,但牠們是一種性急而且容易發動咬擊的蛇類,加上能分泌強烈的出血毒素,因此被視為是一種危險的蛇類。另外,鋸鱗蝰還有一個特色,就是當牠們遇上危機的時候,會磨擦身上的粗糙鱗片,發出唧唧聲音以向敵人示警。[2]其學名「Echis」來源於希臘語,意指「蝰蛇(viper)」。[3][4]目前共有8個種已被確認。[5]

特徵

鋸鱗蝰的鋸齒狀鱗片示意圖

與一般蝰蛇相比,鋸鱗蝰的體型較細小,身長最多僅有90公分左右(指埃及鋸鱗蝰Echis pyramidum)。[6]頭部短小寬闊,呈梨狀,與頸部有明顯分野。鼻端短圓,雙眼相對較大,而且較集中於正面前方。額冠鋪滿細碎的不規則鱗片,鱗片或平滑或尖銳。[2]

鋸鱗蝰身體較修長,呈管狀。背鱗為龍骨結構,尖銳突出。特別的是,鋸鱗蝰身體兩側近腹部區域的鱗片,明顯地向外翹起約45,翹起的鱗片沿著固定中軸,從身體前方向後方呈脊狀發展,以橫切角度看其鱗段狀態就像鋸齒一般。另外,鋸鱗蝰尾巴較短,其尾下鱗為單片結構。[2]

地理分布

鋸鱗蝰主要分布於巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡,亦分布於中東非洲赤道以北地區)。[1]

生態行為

所有鋸鱗蝰在遇到危機時,都有一種統一的特殊行為:牠們會將身體盤繞成許多呈「C」狀的複疊小圈,然後將身體的節段互相磨擦,鱗片的磨擊便會引發出像水在壺中被加熱時所產生的唧唧聲。[2][6]這種行為在英語中被稱為「Stridulation英语stridulation」。[7]當鋸鱗蝰處於戒備狀態時,若受到進一步的騷擾,其磨擦速度會加快,唧唧聲亦會更加響亮。據研究推測,鋸鱗蝰選擇這種警示方式,是為了避免採用一般蝰蛇或眼鏡蛇「以口舌發出嘶嘶聲」的方法,以減少身體水份的耗費。[2]但亦有學者認為鋸鱗蝰在運用身體磨擦法時,口中亦同時在發出響亮的嘶嘶聲。[7]

鋸鱗蝰性情激越,處於警戒狀態時會發動咬擊;如果牠們真的在身體疊成數層小圈的時候進行噬擊,牠們很可能會因而失去平衡並令頭部要害跌向敵人的方向,對於蛇類而言這種舉動是相當罕見的表現。[6]

進食及繁殖習慣

鋸鱗蝰屬下的部份蛇類,以胃納不大而為人所知;可是另一部份的鋸鱗蝰則以捕食對象範圍甚廣而聞名。這些鋸鱗蝰有機會捕食蝗蟲甲蟲蚯蚓蜘蛛蠍子蜈蚣蛞蝓青蛙蟾蜍、各種爬蟲類動物(包括其它品種的蛇類)、小型哺乳動物與及鳥類等生物。[2][6]

繁殖方面,大部份在非洲出沒的鋸鱗蝰均為卵生蛇類;而分布於印度的鋸鱗蝰則為卵胎生蛇類。[6][2]

毒性

由鋸鱗蝰咬擊所導致的死亡事件,大概較其它蛇類為多。在熱帶的鄉郊地區,鋸鱗蝰的毒素更具有一定的醫學意義。鋸鱗蝰體型雖小,但相當具侵略性,牠們容易進行咬擊,並分泌出強烈的出血毒素。其毒素對人體所產生的各種徵狀,與鋸鱗蝰本身的身體長度似乎沒有明顯的直接關聯。由於鋸鱗蝰主要於夜間出沒,因此大部份受害者都是於晚間被咬傷的。[2]鋸鱗蝰毒素能令受害者身體的凝血機能活化,產生凝血異常,甚至引發彌散性血管內凝血,為時更可長達數天以至數週之久。這可能會令受害者身體任何部位均有機會出血或滲血,嚴重者更有機會在被咬後數天內引致頭顱內出血。[8]

鋸鱗蝰的毒性會因應物種、地區分布、物種性別、季候甚至個別蛇類的分別而有所變化,當然更要考慮到毒素是以甚麼方式注入生物體內(皮下注射、肌肉注射、腹腔注射或靜脈注射)。正因如此,鋸鱗蝰毒素的LD50亦沒有清晰的標準數據。在以老鼠為對象的鋸鱗蝰毒素半數致死量測試中,靜脈注射LD50值範圍約由2.3 mg/kg(美國水軍於1991年的報告)至24.1 mg/kg(學者基斯頓森於1988年的報告)至0.44-0.48 mg/kg(學者湯遜古蘭斯利於1988年的報告)。對人類而言,約莫3至5毫克的鋸鱗蝰毒量已足以致命(學者明頓於1967年的報告)。學者拉丁費(Latifi, 1991)更指出雌性鋸鱗蝰毒素的毒性,比雄性鋸鱗蝰高出兩倍以上。[2]

鋸鱗蝰的毒素分泌量也是變化不定的。曾有研究結果列出一些體長約為41至56公分的鋸鱗蝰能分泌出20至35毫克(平均16毫克)的毒素;分布在伊朗的鋸鱗蝰則能分泌6至48毫克;而其它地區的鋸鱗蝰則分泌13至35毫克的毒素。鋸鱗蝰產毒量亦因應季節性及蛇類性別而有所變化,夏天時鋸鱗蝰的產毒量最多,而且雄性鋸鱗蝰的產毒量亦多於雌性鋸鱗蝰。[2]

物種

種名[1] 學名及命名者[1] 亞種數[5] 地理分布[1]
鋸鱗蝰 Echis carinatus,(Schneider, 1801) 4 阿拉伯半島東南部(包括阿曼馬士拉島與及阿拉伯聯合酋長國)、伊朗西南部、阿富汗烏茲別克斯坦塔吉克斯坦土庫曼斯坦巴基斯坦印度斯里蘭卡孟加拉國
彩鋸鱗蝰 Echis coloratus,(Günther, 1878) 0 埃及東南部、西奈半島以色列約旦沙地阿拉伯也門及阿曼。
E. hughesi Echis hughesi,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 索馬利亞
E. jogeri Echis jogeri,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 馬里西部及中部。
羅氏鋸鱗蝰 Echis leucogaster,(Roman, 1972) 0 非洲西部及西北部,包括摩洛哥南部、阿爾及利亞西撒哈拉毛里塔尼亞塞內加爾畿內亞尼日爾尼日利亞布基納法索
E. megalocephalus Echis megalocephalus,(Cherlin, 1990) 0 也門與厄立特里亞之間的紅海島嶼。
非洲鋸鱗蝰 Echis ocellatus,(Stemmler, 1970) 0 非洲西北部,包括毛里塔尼亞、塞內加爾、畿內亞、象牙海岸、布基納法索、加納貝寧多哥、尼日爾南部、尼日利亞、喀麥隆北部及乍得南部。
埃及鋸鱗蝰 Echis pyramidum,(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) 2 非洲東北部:包括埃及、蘇丹埃塞俄比亞厄立特里亞索馬利亞肯雅北部;亦分佈於阿拉伯半島,包括也門沙地阿拉伯阿曼。亦有一部份棲息於利比亞突尼西亞及阿爾及利亞。

分類

部份文獻顯示鋸鱗蝰屬還有數個尚待確認的物種,包括:[9][2][10]

  • E. omanensis(Babocsay, 2004):於阿拉伯聯合酋長國阿曼東部發現的新品種。
  • E. khosatzkii(Cherlin, 1990):於阿曼及也門發現的新品種,是埃及鋸鱗蝰(E. pyramidum)的同義異名。
  • E. multisquamatus(Cherlin, 1981):被視為鋸鱗蝰的亞種(E. carinatus multisquamatus)。

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ E页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. A Dictionary of Botanical Etymology页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Echis. ITIS. 2006 [31 July, 2006]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  8. ^ Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.
  9. ^ TIGR爬蟲類資料庫:鋸鱗蝰屬. [2011-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-01). 
  10. ^ Echis omanensis, Oman saw-scaled viper 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2007-05-27. at Wolfgang Wüster's homepage页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-09-25.

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