螺环化合物

螺環化合物是一種由單個原子連接兩個雙環的有機化合物,在自然界中,環的構造基本上可以相同或是不同的,連接兩個環之間的原子稱為spiroatom(螺原子),通常是四級碳(又稱螺碳),也可以是等。螺原子一般是季碳原子。螺型化合物會利用括號把環數分別寫出,環數不包含螺原子本身,而數字小的會在數字大的前面,且中間以點號分離。如下圖中所示,A化合物叫做1-溴-3-氯螺環[4.5]癸烷-7-醇、B化合物叫做1-溴-3-氯螺環[3.6]癸烷-7-醇。這種化合物也同時包含了環己烷和環戊烷,叫做螺環[4.5]癸烷。此命名法是由阿道夫·馮·拜爾在所1900年提出。[1]

1-Brom-3-Chlor-Spiro[5.6]-decan-7-ol B: 1-Brom-3-Chlor-Spiro[4.7]-decan-7-ol
1-Brom-3-Chlor-Spiro[5.6]-decan-7-ol B: 1-Brom-3-Chlor-Spiro[4.7]-decan-7-ol

例如其中一種螺環化合物的簡稱便可叫做:螺環戊二烯

縮醛

環酮二醇和硫醇縮醛也可組成螺環化合物,舉例來說,螺普利(Spirapril)這個化合物中的一個五環便是自1,2 - 乙二硫醇缩合而成的。

聚合螺環化合物

Incorrect numbering of dispiro[2.1.35.23]decane
Correct numbering

聚合螺環化合物是以兩個或更多的螺原子作為連結組合成三個或更多個環。命名螺環化合物的時候,會在名字的前面加上 di-, tri-, tetra-,… 等等的數字形容詞,即意味著螺原子的數量,這些原子會單獨存在於各個環之間。螺環化合物裡的原子已經有系統的進行編號。多螺環化合物的命名是從一個連接螺原子的環分子開始,這環分子即稱為終端環,這些多螺環分子可以有兩個或是更多的終端環,而連接在多螺環化合物之中,每一個環之間都只有一個螺原子相互連接。終端環中的命名是由螺原子旁邊的原子作為起始,標記為數字1,之後延這分子開始對每個原子進行編號。


兩個或兩個以上的終端環,終端環開始的編號會有另一種選擇方法,當第一個spiroatom編號後,之後的螺環化合物,其連接的螺原子都要盡可能的為最小的編號。假設有一個化合物,其中有兩個終端環,一個環中含有6個原子,另一個有8個原子。 編號則是是由6原子組成的環開始進行,因為在之後進行編號,spiroatom會被編號為6,若由8原子組成的環開始,則spiroatom會被編號為8。編號的方向由spiroatom決定(在第一個已經被編號的終端環的spiroatom開始)假設螺原子先以一種方向開始進行編號,而編號的數字若小於另一種方向的編號,則選擇螺原子編號數字較小的方向開始進行命名。而在之後的螺原子,編號的數字大小則就不這麼重要。在某些情況下,不論從何種方向編號,前兩個,三個,四個或更多的spiroatoms會編到相同的數字。編號方向的選擇是由編號過程中,遇到不同螺原子編號時,選擇有較低編號的螺原子的方向。例如若在一個方向上的編號系統,每個spiroatom的編號為,3,5,7,10,和另一個方向的spiroatoms的編號是3,5,7,9,則選擇第二種編號的方向。在這個情況下,第一編號的方向中,是兩個螺原子之間的編號為7和10,而在相反的編號方向,為7和9。在之後任何螺原子的編號大小,都不重要,編號方向已經由數字9這方向決定了。


在多螺環的命名中,括號內的第一個數字表示最接近螺原子的第一個環中的原子為一號。其餘的數字表示螺原子之間原子的數量,或終端環中的原子。每個數字由句點(英文的句點)隔開。在這個例子中,有兩個原子(編號為1和2)之前,在第一個spiroatom(3)的前面。3和4 spiroatoms之間沒有任何原子,同樣的在4和5、5和6的spiroatoms也沒有。第二個終端環上有兩個原子,6和5,5和4,4和3之間有一個。

tetraspiro[2.0.0.0.26.15.14.13]undecane

因此得到了序列[2.0.0.0.2.1.1.1]。在右邊的例子中,有兩個spiroatoms,因此命名二螺(dispiro)開始。在first terminal ring中,有兩個原子,表示到目前為止的名稱 dispiro[2。接下來兩個spiroatoms之間分別有一個和四個原子在其他terminal ring,揭示了名二螺[2.1.35。上標為的第二spiroatom,編號為5,已新增為會遇到編號的原子數的路徑後,在終端環後的三個原子,最後一次添加9和10原子 3和5 spiroatoms之間原子,然後加入烷烴,具有原子數為相同數量的該螺環化合物,癸烷,namedispiro[2.1.35.23]癸烷顯露的名稱。

手性

有些的螺化合物具有軸向手性。螺原子(英語:Spiroatoms)可以是手性中心,甚至當他們欠缺觀察手性所需的四個不同的取代基。當兩個環是相同的就由CIP系統來分配更高的優先,以延長一個環和一個低優先級的其他環的延伸。當環不相似常規則可以適用。

Spiro enantiomers
Spiro enantiomers

lactones and oxazines常被用來無色染料頻繁地展示變色和無色和的可逆變化。

参见

参考资料

  • 邢其毅等。《基础有机化学》第三版上册。北京:高等教育出版社,2005年。ISBN 7-04-016637-2
  • [2] A. Baeyer, Systematik und Nomenclatur Bicyclischer Kohlenwasserstoffe, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 33, 3771-3775 (1900).

外部連結

Read other articles:

Madan Lal KhuranaMadan Lal Khurana menyampaikan sebuah ceramah pada 2005 Gubernur RajasthanMasa jabatan14 Januari 2004 – 1 November 2004 PendahuluKailashpati Mishra (jabatan tambahan)PenggantiT. V. Rajeswar (jabatan tambahan)Ketua Menteri Delhi ke-3Masa jabatan1993–1996 PendahuluPemerintahan presiden*PenggantiSahib Singh Verma Informasi pribadiLahir(1936-10-15)15 Oktober 1936Lyallpur, India Britania (sekarang Faisalabad, Pakistan)Meninggal27 Oktober 2018(2018-10-27) (umur...

 

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Seminole (disambigua). SeminoleOsceola, capo Seminole Luogo d'origineAmerica Settentrionale Popolazione12431 (2000) LinguaInglese, Muskogee, Creek ReligioneCristiana, Sciamanesimo Gruppi correlatiCreek Manuale I Seminole sono una popolazione dell'America Settentrionale della famiglia linguistica muscoghiana e dell'area culturale sudorientale, che abitano attualmente le paludi della Florida meridionale. Indice 1 Storia 1.1 Guer...

 

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Ekonomi mikro – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Januari 2018) Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Ekonomi. Model permintaan dan penawaran menjelaskan bagaimana harga beragam sebagai hasil dari kesei...

العلاقات البرتغالية المارشالية البرتغال جزر مارشال   البرتغال   جزر مارشال تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البرتغالية المارشالية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرتغال وجزر مارشال.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية ...

 

1997 film by Jim Gillespie This article is about the film. For the franchise, see I Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise). For other uses, see I Know What You Did Last Summer (disambiguation). I Know What You Did Last SummerTheatrical release posterDirected byJim GillespieScreenplay byKevin WilliamsonBased onI Know What You Did Last Summerby Lois DuncanProduced by Neal H. Moritz Erik Feig Stokely Chaffin Starring Jennifer Love Hewitt Sarah Michelle Gellar Ryan Phillippe Freddie Prinze Jr....

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (July 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wik...

Lokasi di Lancaster County (Pennsylvania) Lancaster (bahasa Jerman Pennsylvania: Lengeschder) adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Amerika Serikat. Meliputi wilayah seluas 19,2 km2, berpenduduk 56.348 jiwa, dan kepadatan penduduk 2.940 jiwa/km2 (menurut sensus tahun 2000). Kota ini didirikan pada tahun 1700. Presiden ke-5 AS, James Buchanan tinggal dan meninggal di kota ini. lbs Persemakmuran PennsylvaniaHarrisburg (ibu kota)Topik Kota Politik Pemerintah Se...

 

Prime Minister of Tuvalu since 2024 The Right HonourableFeleti TeoOBE MPTeo in 201614th Prime Minister of TuvaluIncumbentAssumed office 26 February 2024MonarchCharles IIIGovernor GeneralSir Tofiga Vaevalu FalaniDeputyPanapasi NelesoniPreceded byKausea NatanoMember of ParliamentIncumbentAssumed office 26 January 2024Preceded bySamuelu TeoConstituencyNiutao Other offices Executive Director of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)In officeDecember 2014 –...

 

Medication against high blood pressure AmlodipineClinical dataPronunciation/æmˈloʊdɪˌpiːn/[1] Trade namesNorvasc, Istin, Norliqva, othersAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa692044License data US DailyMed: Amlodipine Pregnancycategory AU: C[2] Routes ofadministrationOralDrug classCalcium channel blockerATC codeC08CA01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only)[3][4] CA: ℞-only[5] UK: POM...

Uadjuer, gravido[1] e con corpo dalla forma umana ma costituito d'acqua, in un rilievo del Tempio funerario del faraone Sahura (XXV secolo a.C.) della V dinastia egizia ad Abusir. Uadjuer è una divinità egizia appartenente alla religione dell'antico Egitto, dio della fertilità il cui nome significa Grande Verde[2][3]. Si credeva inizialmente che Uadjuer fosse una personificazione del Mar Mediterraneo; d'altronde, sembra più verosimile che rappresentasse le lagune e...

 

Sceaux 行政国 フランス地域圏 (Région) イル=ド=フランス地域圏県 (département) オー=ド=セーヌ県郡 (arrondissement) アントニー郡小郡 (canton) 小郡庁所在地INSEEコード 92071郵便番号 92330市長(任期) フィリップ・ローラン(2008年-2014年)自治体間連合 (fr) メトロポール・デュ・グラン・パリ人口動態人口 19,679人(2007年)人口密度 5466人/km2住民の呼称 Scéens地理座標 北緯48度4...

 

List of events in Ireland in 1966 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1966 in Ireland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ← 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1966 in Ireland → 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Centuries: 18th 19th 20...

The following is a list of equipment of the Sudanese Armed Forces from creation to present day. Small arms Infantry weapons Name Origin Type Caliber Notes Helwan Egypt Pistol 9×19mm Parabellum [1] Heckler & Koch P9S Germany Pistol 9×19mm Parabellum [1] Browning Hi-Power Belgium Pistol 9×19mm Parabellum [1] Sterling United Kingdom Submachine gun 9×19 Parabellum [1] Heckler & Koch MP5 Germany Submachine gun 9×19 Parabellum [1] Beretta M12 It...

 

Radio station in Greensboro, GeorgiaWDDKGreensboro, GeorgiaBroadcast areaMilledgeville, GeorgiaFrequency103.9 MHzBrandingDock 103.9ProgrammingFormatConservative talk/OldiesAffiliationsABC RadioOwnershipOwnerWyche Services CorporationHistoryFormer call signsWGRG (1980–1990)Technical informationFacility ID6798ClassAERP5,300 wattsHAAT100 metersTransmitter coordinates33°28′29.00″N 83°14′46.00″W / 33.4747222°N 83.2461111°W / 33.4747222; -83.2461111LinksWebsite...

 

This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (May 2020) French Tech is an accreditation awarded to French cities recognized for their startup ecosystem. It is also a name used by technologically innovative French businesses throughout the world. Convinced by the necessity to promote the emergence of successful start-ups in France to generate economic value and jobs, the Fre...

Academic journalThe Catholic Historical ReviewDisciplineHistoryLanguageEnglishEdited byNelson MinnichPublication detailsHistory1915–presentPublisherCatholic University of America Press (United States)FrequencyQuarterlyStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Cathol. Hist. Rev.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · ...

 

Chi Hương bồTypha latifoliaPhân loại khoa họcGiới (regnum)Plantae(không phân hạng)Angiospermae(không phân hạng)Monocots(không phân hạng)CommelinidsBộ (ordo)PoalesHọ (familia)TyphaceaeChi (genus)TyphaL.Loài xem trong bài Cattail, narrow leaf shootsGiá trị dinh dưỡng cho mỗi 100 g (3,5 oz)Năng lượng106 kJ (25 kcal)Carbohydrat5.14 gĐường0.22 gChất xơ4.5 g Chất béo0.00 g Protein1.18 g VitaminLượng %DV†Vitamin A equiv.β-C...

 

Voce principale: Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix. Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-PhönixStagione 1983-1984Sport calcio Squadra Karlsruhe Allenatore Werner Olk 2. Bundesliga1º posto Coppa di GermaniaOttavi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Groß, Günther, Dittus, Fuhr (38)Totale: Günther, Dittus, Fuhr (41) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Günther (30)Totale: Günther (33) StadioWildparkstadion Maggior numero di spettatori35 000 vs. Schalke Minor numero di spettatori5&#...

Mountain summit located east of Elkins in Randolph County, West Virginia Bickle KnobView looking southwest from Bickle KnobHighest pointElevation4,003 ft (1,220 m)[1]Prominence998 ft (304 m)[2]Coordinates38°56′03″N 79°43′53″W / 38.93417°N 79.73139°W / 38.93417; -79.73139GeographyBickle KnobLocation of Bickle Knob in West Virginia LocationRandolph, West Virginia, United StatesClimbingAccessdrive-up via FR 91A Bickle K...

 

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Triestina Calcio. Unione Sportiva TriestinaStagione 1973-1974La rosa della Triestina per il campionato 1973-1974 Sport calcio Squadra Triestina Allenatore Giulio Bonafin poi Francesco Cergoli poi Renato Sadar Presidente Tristano Colummi Serie C19�...