苹果公司与联邦调查局加密争端

一台iPhone 5c2015年圣贝纳迪诺枪击案之凶手使用的设备

苹果公司与联邦调查局加密争端涉及美國法院是否应强制设备制造商解锁其生产的数据受到密碼指纹等安全功能保护的设备[1],相关于此类解锁强加密设备的争议较大[2]。2015至2016年,苹果公司至少已收到美国联邦地区法院根据所有令状法案英语All Writs Act发布的11项命令,其中大多数要求苹果公司解锁iOS 7及更早版本的系统的安全保护,以提取便于刑事调查与起诉的照片、联系人及通话记录。但这些要求涉及所有安装iOS的设备,可能会导致更多人的设备遭到安全风险,故苹果公司拒绝解锁这些设备的安全保护[3][4]

事件背景

詹姆斯·科米,联邦调查局前局长
  • 苹果公司为其iOS系统带来重大安全性更新,使破解变得更困难[7][8]。据纽约时报报道,苹果公司为iOS 8开发了新的加密方式,“苹果公司无法再遵守政府从设备提取客户信息的授权令[9]”。

事件经过

美国加利福尼亚中区联邦地区法院中,联邦调查局(缩写FBI)希望苹果公司创建并以电子方式签署新软件以便让其破解恐怖袭击2015年圣贝纳迪诺枪击案中凶手赛义德·法鲁克的iPhone 5c。此设备被四位密码保护,并且输入十次错误密码即抹掉所有数据。因此FBI将于2016年3月22日举办听证会,以要求苹果公司破解该设备。但听证会开始前一天,FBI便以已寻找到可破解此设备的第三方公司为由延迟它。3月28日,FBI撤回请求并宣布已解锁该设备,但并无破案需要的信息[10][4],苹果公司事后称此事本不应发生[11]。FBI拒绝告知苹果公司破解该设备的方法,并称“破解iPhone系第三方所为,己方人员并不得知具体方法,因此不知道也‘没有必要’将破解方法告诉苹果公司”[12]洛杉磯時報后报道称“联邦调查局最终发现赛义德·法鲁克的手机只有工作信息,没有透露任何有关该案的内容[13]。”

布鲁克林区的一起案件中,一名治安法官裁定,所有令状法案不能用来迫使苹果公司解锁iPhone。政府对该裁决提出上诉,但在破解设备后于2016年4月22日撤销此案[14]

评价

美國聯邦政府[15]针对苹果公司与Google实行所有令状法案的州份
  苹果公司
  Google
  苹果公司与Google

美国人对此事评价不一[16],根据CBS新闻的调查,约有50%的受访者支持FBI,45%支持苹果公司[17]領英微软Facebook公司(現Meta Platforms)等高科技公司均对命令持反对意见[18][19][20]。袭击事件的受害者和幸存者的家属表示,他们将提交一份支持联邦调查局的辩护状[21]。此外,2016年民主党总统候选人英语Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016希拉里·克林顿伯尼·桑德斯都建议双方取得妥协[22][23]美国参议院情报委员会理查德·伯尔与伯尼·桑德斯发布立法草案[24]。美联社、Vice媒体甘尼特亦对FBI提起信息自由法诉讼以使其披露是通过哪家公司解锁凶手的设备,以及支付的费用多少[25][26],但法院裁定FBI支付的费用是国家安全秘密与情报来源或方法,支付的金额反映了保密执法技术或程序,而拒绝披露相关信息[26]

苹果公司首席执行官蒂姆·库克在接受時代雜誌记者采访时称“现在是我们生活被无处不在的监控的时代。关于我们所有人的信息比十年前或五年前更多,它无处不在,你正在到处留下数字足迹。[27]

参考资料

  1. ^ Grossman, Lev. Inside Apple CEO Tim Cook's Fight With the FBI. Time. 2016-03-17 [2016-03-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  2. ^ Benner, Katie; Lichtblau, Eric. U.S. Says It Has Unlocked iPhone Without Apple. The New York Times. 2016-03-28 [2016-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  3. ^ McLaughlin, Jenna. New Court Filing Reveals Apple Faces 12 Other Requests to Break Into Locked iPhones. The Intercept. 2016-02-23 [2016-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 蒂姆·库克传. 中信出版社. 北京. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Log in - ProQuest - Congressional. congressional.proquest.com. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-16). 
  6. ^ Winter, Kevin Johnson, Scott Martin, Jayne O'Donnell and Michael. NSA taps data from 9 major Net firms. USA TODAY. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-07) (美国英语). 
  7. ^ Sanger, David E.; Chen, Brian X. Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.. The New York Times. 2014-09-27 [2021-11-04]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10) (美国英语). 
  8. ^ Apple 平台安全保护. Apple Support. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-09) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  9. ^ Sanger, David E.; Chen, Brian X. Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.. The New York Times. 2014-09-27 [2021-11-21]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10) (美国英语). 
  10. ^ 中新网-视频-FBI与苹果公司诉讼落幕 涉案手机已破解, www.chinanews.com, [2021-11-04], (原始内容存档于2021-11-04) 
  11. ^ 葛雨帆. 苹果回应FBI撤销诉讼:此事本就不应该出现. 中国新闻网. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容 (shtml)存档于2021-11-06) (中文(简体)). 
  12. ^ 人民网国际频道. FBI拒绝告知苹果公司Iphone破解方法:系第三方破解 与己无关. [2016-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-21) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  13. ^ Tanfani, Joseph. Race to unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone was delayed by poor FBI communication, report finds. The Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-27 [2018-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-22). 
  14. ^ Lichtblau, Eric. U.S. Opens Another iPhone, This Time With the Keycode. The New York Times. 2016-04-23 [2021-11-21]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2022-06-16) (美国英语). 
  15. ^ Pagliery, Jose. Here are the places feds are using a controversial law to unlock phones. CNN. Time Warner. 2016-03-30 [2016-04-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  16. ^ Botelho, Greg; Brascia, Lorenza; Martinez, Michael. Anger, praise for Apple for rebuffing FBI over San Bernardino killer's phone. CNN. 2016-02-18 [2016-02-19]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-19). 
  17. ^ CBS News poll: Americans split on unlocking San Bernardino shooter's iPhone. www.cbsnews.com. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-09) (美国英语). 
  18. ^ Reform Government Surveillance Statement Regarding Encryption and Security. Reform Government Surveillance. 2016-02-17 [2016-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  19. ^ Clark, Jack. Google, Tech Companies Side With Apple in Decryption Protest. Bloomberg. 2016-02-17 [2016-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  20. ^ Andor Brodeur, Michael. FBI v. Apple: What's at stake in encryption fight. The Boston Globe. 2016-02-23 [2016-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  21. ^ Abdullah, Tami; Myers, Amanda Lee. Some Victims in Terror Attack Support Efforts to Hack iPhone. ABC News. Associated Press. 2016-02-22 [2016-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-24). 
  22. ^ What presidential candidates are saying about the Apple v. FBI debate. Christian Science Monitor. 2016-02-19 [2021-11-21]. ISSN 0882-7729. (原始内容存档于2022-03-19). 
  23. ^ Every GOP presidential candidate sides with the FBI in fight with Apple. news.yahoo.com. [2021-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-21) (美国英语). 
  24. ^ Leak of Senate encryption bill prompts swift backlash. Reuters. 2016-04-08 [2021-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10) (英语). 
  25. ^ Heath, Brad. USA TODAY, others sue FBI for info on phone hack of San Bernardino shooter. USA TODAY. [2021-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-17) (美国英语). 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Gerstein, Josh. Judge: FBI can keep cost of iPhone hack secret. POLITICO. [2021-11-21] (英语). 
  27. ^ Here's the Full Transcript of TIME’s Interview With Apple CEO Tim Cook. TIME. [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-06) (英语). 

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