羅興亞人種族滅絕

2016年罗兴亚人种族灭绝
若开邦在缅甸的位置
日期2016年10月9日 (2016-10-09)－2017年1月
地点 緬甸若开邦
类型
主题缅甸军方和警察对罗兴亚人的军事镇压
起因
结果
  • 数个村庄被摧毁
  • 上万人被杀害和强奸
  • 700,000以上难民流离海外
死亡25,000人以上（2018年）[7]
发布禁令缅甸政府严禁媒体踏入若开邦北部
此條目介紹的是羅興亞人種族滅絕。关于2017年人权危机，请见「2017年罗兴亚难民危机」。

羅興亞人種族滅絕，指的是緬甸国防军对該國西部若開邦羅興亞人的迫害。安全部隊在行動中有大規模的戰爭罪行，包括就地正法與肢體暴力等。[8][9]聯合國、國際特赦組織等人權團體、美國國務院和馬來西亞政府對該行動做了批評，部份人聲稱緬甸軍隊侵犯了人權，並因此批評掌握緬甸政府實權的國務資政昂山素季，認為她對這個問題不採取行動、沉默、未加阻止。[10]中國[11]、印度[12][13]、俄羅斯[14]、日本[15]等國家支持緬甸政府打擊羅興亞人武裝組織。

背景

根據緬甸國家報告，2016年10月9日，若開邦的一些武裝人員襲擊了幾個邊界警察營地，造成9名警察死亡，武器和彈藥也被搶走。主要攻擊發生在孟都鎮。攻擊者的真實身份仍然未知。為了應對這些攻擊，緬甸安全部隊開始對羅興亞穆斯林進行大規模武裝行動。而羅興亞人認為遭到濫殺。[10]

镇压

在襲擊警察營地事件發生後，緬甸軍隊開始在若開邦北部的村莊執行武裝行動。在最初的行動中，有幾十人死亡許多人被捕。隨著行動繼續，傷亡人數增加。出現了任意逮捕，法外處決，輪姦和對平民的暴行和搶劫。[16][17][18]據媒體報導，到目前為止已有數百名羅興亞人喪生，大約有2萬至3萬名羅興亞人做为难民逃離緬甸，並到孟加拉國避難。[19][20][21][22] [23]

在11月下旬，人權觀察發布了衛星圖像，顯示大約五條村莊的1,250個羅興亞人房屋被安全部隊燒毀。[22] [17]在11月的一次事件中，緬甸軍隊使用武裝直升機射擊和殺死平民。[20][16]由於緬甸政府禁止外國媒體和人權團體進入該地區，因此，平民傷亡的確切數字仍然未知。若開邦也被西方反對緬甸政府的人稱為“資訊黑洞”。[17]

那些因迫害而逃離緬甸的羅興亞人報告說，緬甸國防軍殺害男人強姦婦女、燒毀房子，和把孩子們扔在燃燒的房子裏。[24][25][26]在納夫河上運送羅興亞難民的船隻常常被緬甸軍方槍擊。[27]2017年1月，至少有四名警察被政府當局拘留，在2016年11月安全部隊打擊羅興亞人穆斯林的影片公開後，政府當局拘留了該名警察。這是自從鎮壓開始以來，政府在該地區懲罰自己的安全部隊的第一起事件。[10]

國際反應

主条目：羅興亞種族滅絕的反應（英语：International reactions to the Rohingya genocide）

緬甸政府對羅興亞人的軍事打擊遭到西方一些國家和人權組織的批評。大赦國際對羅興亞少數民族的軍事鎮壓稱為“危害人類罪”，並說軍隊將平民作為“有計劃的暴力行為”的目標。12月，聯合國強烈批評緬甸政府對待羅興亞人的態度，稱之「冷酷無情」。緬甸政府的行動也遭到孟加拉國、馬來西亞和印尼的抗議。

緬甸實際上的政府首腦，國務資政和諾貝爾和平獎獲得者昂山素季特別受到批評。批評內容不乏她對這個問題的不採取行動和沈默，並且沒有採取太多措施防止軍事濫用。她回答說：“告訴我一個沒有人權問題的國家”。前任聯合國秘書長安南在若開邦訪問了一星期後，對該地區人權表示深切關注。早些時候，聯合國辦事處說，對羅興亞人的迫害可以被視為危害人類罪。[10]2016年起，联合国第七任秘书长科菲·安南因此受邀请带领半官方团队针对羅興亞問題进行调查[28]，再于2017年8月23日刊登若開邦和平宣言，推动措施以改善此地区人民的生活条件。[29]缅甸政府于2017年8月24日接受建议书。[30]

根據BBC在2017年9月的報導，因為種種外界較少去了解的歷史恩怨，包含英國殖民時代的仇恨淵源，在羅興亞人議題上緬甸民間「幾乎一面倒支持政府，軍方的支持度亦正在增加」，多數民眾所持看法與西方觀點大相逕庭，所以昂山素季政府不論其內心深處真實想法如何都很難去批評，否則無異毀掉自身群眾基礎。[31]

美國拜登政府在2022年3月正式認定緬甸國防軍針對羅興亞人的軍事行動屬種族滅絕。[32]

參考

  1. ^ Myanmar army denies ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims. ABC News. 2017-03-01 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04） （澳大利亚英语）. 
  2. ^ Sim, David. The plight of the Rohingya: Caught between ethnic cleansing and banishment. International Business Times UK. 2017-02-08 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）. 
  3. ^ Myanmar says 'no evidence' of Rohingya genocide. BBC News. 2017-01-04 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）. 
  4. ^ Hamad, Ruby. Why doesn't outrage over Trump's 'Muslim ban' extend to slaughter of Rohingya?. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2017-02-13 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）. 
  5. ^ Rohingya refugees from Burma speak of 'genocidal' terror. The Independent. 2016-12-13 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）. 
  6. ^ Smith, Matthew. Is genocide unfolding in Myanmar?. CNN. [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04）. 
  7. ^ Myanmar's military accused of genocide in damning UN report | Myanmar | The Guardian. TheGuardian.com. 27 August 2018. （原始内容存档于2022-07-10）. 
  8. ^ World Court Rules Against Myanmar on Rohingya. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2020 [3 February 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Myanmar's Rohingya Crisis Enters a Dangerous New Phase. Crisis Group. 7 December 2017 [3 February 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-19） （英语）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?. BBC News. 2017-01-10 [2017-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-13） （英语）. 
  11. ^ Nations, Agence France-Presse at the United. China and Russia oppose UN resolution on Rohingya. the Guardian. 24 December 2017 [3 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-27）. 
  12. ^ India says to deport all Rohingya regardless of U.N. registration. Reuters. 2017-08-14 [2020-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-07）. 
  13. ^ Are the Rohingya India's 'favourite whipping boy'?. BBC News. 2017-09-25 [2020-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02） （英语）. （中文報導 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆））
  14. ^ oc-media.org/russian-muslims-break-with-kremlin-over-myanmar/. oc-media.org. [14 September 2017]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-01）. 
  15. ^ The Attacks in Northern Areas of Rakhine State in Myanmar and the Release of the Final Report by the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State (Statement by Foreign Press Secretary Norio Maruyama) ｜ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. mofa.go.jp. [14 September 2017]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-27）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Myanmar: Security Forces Target Rohingya During Vicious Rakhine Scorched-Earth Campaign. Amnesty International. 19 December 2016 [20 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2 February 2017）. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Joshua Berlinger. 'Shoot first, ask questions later': Violence intensifies in Rakhine State. CNN. 16 November 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于20 December 2016）. 
  18. ^ Matt Broomfield. UN calls on Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi to halt 'ethnic cleansing' of Rohingya Muslims. The Independent. 10 December 2016 [12 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于11 December 2016）. 
  19. ^ 21,000 Rohingya Muslims flee to Bangladesh to escape persecution in Myanmar. International Business Times. 6 December 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于7 December 2016）. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Myanmar seeking ethnic cleansing, says UN official as Rohingya flee persecution. The Guardian. 24 November 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2016）. 
  21. ^ Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty. Al Jazeera. 19 December 2016 [5 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于5 January 2017）. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages. International Business Times. 21 November 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于20 December 2016）. 
  23. ^ James Griffiths. Is The Lady listening? Aung San Suu Kyi accused of ignoring Myanmar's Muslims. CNN. 25 November 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于20 December 2016）. 
  24. ^ 'They raped us one by one', says Rohingya woman who fled Myanmar. The News International. 25 November 2016 [9 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2016）. 
  25. ^ UN calls on Suu Kyi to visit crisis-hit Rakhine. The Daily Star. 9 December 2016 [10 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2016）. 
  26. ^ Nick Cumming-Bruce. Myanmar 'Callous' Toward Anti-Rohingya Violence, U.N. Says. The New York Times. 16 December 2016 [1 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于12 January 2017）. 
  27. ^ Hundreds of Rohingya flee Yangon crackdown. Gulf Times. 17 November 2016 [11 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于9 December 2016）. 
  28. ^ 缅甸将邀请联合国前秘书长安南帮助解决若开邦问题. 2016-08-25 [2017-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-08）. 
  29. ^ Towards a Peaceful, Fair and Prosperous Future for the People of Rakhine. 2017-08-23 [2017-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-12）. 
  30. ^ 缅甸赞赏安南等为解决若开邦问题所作努力. 2017-08-25 [2017-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-25）. 
  31. ^ 罗兴亚危机：国际压力下　中国对缅甸的支持有多重要？. BBC中文網. 2017-09-21 [2017-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-25）. 
  32. ^ Biden administration rules Myanmar army committed genocide against Rohingya （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）－Reuters

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维基新闻中的相关報導：更多罗兴亚难民困在孟加拉边界

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