社会结构(英語:Social structure)是一个在社会学中广泛应用的術語,但是很少有明确的定義,最早的使用应该在20世纪初汉语社会科学的形成时期。在当前的汉语社会科学中,这个模糊的概念仍然被广泛使用,社会结构的本体有社会群体、社会组织、社会制度和社区。广义的讲,它可以指经济、政治、社会等各个领域多方面的结构状况,狭义地讲,在社会学中主要是指社会阶层结构。但是,在欧美社会理论语境中,社会结构常常还在更加抽象的层次上使用,用来指独立于有主动性的人并对人有制约的外部整体环境,经常与“能动性”对立使用。一定意义上,这种对立类似于“社会VS个人”的对立。英国社会学家安东尼·吉登斯在其《社会学》中写道,社会结构是一个重要概念,它指的是我们生活的社会背景不只是事件或行动的随即分类,而是以各具特色的方式被赋予结构或模式。
赫伯特·斯宾塞、卡尔·马克思、塔尔科特·帕森斯、尼克拉斯·盧曼等。
一般系統論(General System Theory)社會科學中的功能主義(Functionalism)的發展有密切關係,功能主義試圖從結構、過程和功能的角度來看,並且企圖了解這些組成分子的關係,甚至進一步強調一個文化或社會制度的每個元素再其較大系統中都有特定功能,任何相互依存的分子組合即系統,學者認為系統有以下功能:
系統和功能為許多科學提供一個普遍適用的架構。
系統和功能強調每個社會行動,例如婚姻儀式或犯罪懲罰,在整體社會文化中都有其功能,反而有助於社會結構的維繫。
美國社會學大師塔尔科特·帕森斯首先採用功能主義和一般系統理論,並且以開放系統研究社會結構,他不但發展一個廣大的社會系統架構並將其運用在組織理論上。
完形心理學說明了行為主義,並且把性格是作受環境影響的動態系統,故而整合複雜的社會結構因素。
系統理論的平衡觀點是分析經濟系統和次級系統的基礎,現代經濟學以從既往的靜態平衡模式,發展成動態平衡的觀點。
從系統理論為基礎強調複雜體系中的溝通和資訊流動與吸收,雖然控制论多應用在機械工程上,然而其反饋、控制和調節卻可以應用於生物系統和社會系統,尤其是組織的研究。
Shinhan Sekuritas IndonesiaJenisJasa KeuanganKantorpusatJakarta, Indonesia TokohkunciMade Windi Wijaya (Presiden Direktur)Situs webwww.shinhansekuritas.co.id Shinhan Sekuritas Indonesia adalah perusahaan sekuritas yang berpuat di Jakarta, Indonesia dan berdiri sejak 1988.[1] Perusahaan didirikan dengan nama Interindo Danapraya. Kemudian, nama perusahaan berganti menjadi Makinta Securities sampai dengan tahun 2016. Perusahaan ini memiliki anak usaha di bidang manajer investasi yaitu Shinh…
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Thunbergia kirkii Classificação científica Reino: Plantae Clado: angiospérmicas Clado: eudicotiledóneas Ordem: Lamiales Família: Acanthaceae Género: Thunbergia Espécie: T. kirkii Nome binomial Thunbergia kirkiiHook. f. Thunbergia kirkii é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Acanthaceae.[1] A autoridade científica da espécie é Hook. f., tendo sido publicada em Bot. Mag. 109: t. 6677. 1883.[2] Moçambique Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território moçambicano…
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British radio and television presenter This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find source…
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Corregidora municipio Antigua presidencia municipal de Corregidora. Escudo Coordenadas 20°31′52″N 100°26′31″O / 20.531, -100.442cabecera El PueblitoEntidad municipio • País México • Estado QuerétaroPresidente Municipal Roberto Sosa PichardoEventos históricos • Fundación 1941Superficie • Total 246 km²Altitud • Media 1955 m s. n. m.Población • Total 212 567 hab. • Densidad 864,8 …
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