相圖 (動態系統)

單擺位能及相圖。其中X軸是角度,有2π的週期性
用單擺的運動來推導相圖
范德波爾方程式 的相圖

相圖是在用繪圖的方式在相平面上表示動態系統的軌跡。每一個不同的初始條件都用一條曲線(或是一個點)表示。

在研究動態系統時,相圖是很重要的工具。相圖是由在相空間中各點軌跡的點圖英语plot (graphics)組成。相圖可以看出動態系統在給定的參數下,是否有吸引子、排斥子或是极限环拓撲等價英语topological conjugacy的概念在為系統行為分類時非常重要,例如二個不同的相圖可能會出現相同的本質性動態特性。

在相圖中會描繪系統的軌跡(以箭頭表示)、穩定穩態(以黑點表示)及不穩定穩態(以圓圈點表示),相圖的軸對應狀態變數

例子

微分方程行為的可視化

相圖可以呈現微分方程(ODE)系統的行為,也可以看出系統的穩定性[1]

穩定性[1]
不穩定 隨著時間增加,系統大部份的解會逐漸趨近∞
漸近穩定 隨著時間增加,系統所有的解會逐漸趨近0
中性穩定 隨著時間增加,系統中沒有解會趨近∞,但大部份的解也沒有趨近0

ODE系統相圖上的特性也可以用系統的特徵值(trace)以及行列式判別(跡 = λ1 + λ2,行列式 = λ1 x λ2[1]

相圖行為[1]
特徵值、跡、行列式 相圖形狀
λ1 & λ2為實數,異號

行列式 < 0

鞍型(不穩定)
λ1 & λ2為實數,同號,λ1 ≠ λ2;

0 < 行列式 < (trace2 / 4)

節點(跡 < 0 表示穩定,跡 > 0 表示不穩定)
λ1 & λ2均有實部有虛部

(trace2 / 4) < determinant

螺旋(trace < 0 表示穩定,trace > 0 表示不穩定)

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Haynes Miller, and Arthur Mattuck. 18.03 Differential Equations. Spring 2010. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare, https://ocw.mit.edu. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA. (Supplementary Notes 26 by Haynes Miller: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-03-differential-equations-spring-2010/resources/mit18_03s10_chapter_26/)

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