狐狸座CK

狐狸座 CK

ALMA拍攝的狐狸座CK [1]
Credit: ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/S. P. S. Eyres
觀測資料
曆元 J2000.0
星座 狐狸座
星官
赤經 19h 47m 38.0s[2]
赤緯 +27° 18′ 48″[2]
視星等(V) max 2.6[2]
特性
B−V 色指数0.7[3]
变星类型不詳[3]
天体测定
距离2,280正負490[4] ly
(700±150[4] pc)
詳細資料
亮度0.9[3] L
溫度14,000 – 100,000[3] K
其他命名
狐狸座CK、CK Vul、, 1670年狐狸座新星HR 7539、狐狸座11[5]
參考資料庫
SIMBAD资料

狐狸座CK (也稱為1670狐狸座新星)被認為是最古老的可靠新星記錄。它由一個緊湊的中心物體組成,周圍環繞著一個雙極星雲

模型表明狐狸座CK可能不是一顆經典的新星;相對的,它在分類上可能會被歸類是一顆亮紅新星;這是兩顆主序星碰撞和合併的結果。2018年的一項研究發現,這很可能是一顆白矮星和一顆褐矮星不尋常碰撞的結果。2020年的一篇論文排除了這一機制,並提出狐狸座CK是一個中間亮度光學瞬變英语Iintermediate luminosity optical transient,即超新星和新星之間光度間隙中的物體。

噴發史

位置在輦道增七(天鵝座β)附近的1670年新星。
狐狸座CK的位置(紅圈標示)。

狐狸座CK是安特爾梅·沃伊特英语Voituret Anthelme在1670年6月20日發現的,約翰·赫維留斯也在7月25日獨立發現它。它被發現時的最大量度大約為3等星,之後逐漸變暗。在1671年3月,再次觀測到這顆星的最大量度達到2.6等。之後,赫維留斯和卡西尼在整個春季和夏季持續觀察它,直到1671年8月下旬它從肉眼的視野中消失為止。1672年3月,赫維留斯最後一次觀測到微弱可見,最大亮度大約在5.5至6等的這顆恆星。最後,在5月下旬從視野中消失[6]

這是第一顆有多種可靠觀測的新星。下一顆有全面記錄的新星是蛇夫座V841英语V841 Ophiuchi[6]

識別

可見光為藍色,次毫米輻射圖為綠色,分子發射為紅色的狐狸座CK假色圖。

在那個年代,約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德一直在精心製作他的星表,他將這顆星命名為狐狸座11[5]。後來,因為它已經幾個世紀沒有被發現,英國天文學家弗朗西斯·貝利稱它為佛蘭斯蒂德失落的恆星之一[7]

在1981年,在一個小星雲中心附近的一個點源被確認為狐狸座CK,估計它的紅星等為20.7等[8][6]。後來的觀測對此一身分表示懷疑[9],現在知道它是一顆背景天體。這顆天體和另一顆恆星被認為是通過與狐狸座CK有關的緻密星雲被看到,這使它們的亮度發生巨大的變化[4]

狐狸座CK現在是一個緻密的中心天體,氣體以大約210 km/s的速度流出,進入一個雙極[4]。在1980年代,它位於70角秒的雙極星雲內,距離中心15角秒之處[10]。在這個星雲的中心可以看到一個緊湊的電波元和一顆紅外線點源,但在可見光的波長上還沒有探測到[3]。星雲的電離作用和它的電波發射表明,中心輻射源仍然非常熱,而且相對明亮[11][4]。 從地球的角度看,它要麼在冷塵埃雲(〜15K)的內部,要麼在它的前面。與比較,附近的分子氣體富含[11]

性質

恆星碰撞殘骸中的放射性分子[12]

根據塵埃的紅外輻射,中心天體的光度約為0.9 L[3]。為觀測到的星雲提供亮度所需的能量,是以60,000K的物體,3 L計算的[4]。在它噴發的時候,狐狸座CK的光度經由計算至少是7,000,000 L[13]。 在光譜中已知的離子發射線和紅外中未知的吸收特徵表明溫度在14,000K和100,000K之間[3]

天文學家利用ALMA北方擴展毫米波陣列英语Northern Extended Millimeter Array(NOEMA)電波望遠鏡研究狐狸座CK,發現了第一個令人信服在地球的太陽系外放射性碎片證據。所討論的分子是由13個質子和13個中子放射線同位素與氟原子結合而成[14]

噴發的性質

在過去,曾提出合併的亮紅新星是非常晚期的熱脈衝擴散誘導新星英语Diffusion-induced nova都被提出,但所有的這些解釋都存在問題[3]。2018年,利用ALMA對星雲剩餘的結構和同位素豐度進行分析後,得出這顆新星和相關的星雲是由1670年至1672年間,由白矮星棕矮星不尋常的合併造成[15]。但是,2020年的一篇論文排除了這一點,因為狐狸座CK的距離太遠,使得內在能量的釋放對恆星合併來說是太大了。相對的,2020年的論文得出的結論是狐狸座CK的爆發,是一個原因不明的中間亮度光學瞬變英语Iintermediate luminosity optical transient [13]

參考資料

  1. ^ Through the Hourglass. www.eso.org. [8 October 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-12). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Downes, Ronald A; Webbink, Ronald F; Shara, Michael M; Ritter, Hans; Kolb, Ulrich; Duerbeck, Hilmar W. A Catalog and Atlas of Cataclysmic Variables: The Living Edition. The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 2001, 113 (784): 764. Bibcode:2001PASP..113..764D. S2CID 16285959. arXiv:astro-ph/0102302可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/320802. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Evans, A.; et al. CK Vul: A smorgasbord of hydrocarbons rules out a 1670 nova (and much else besides). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016, 457 (3): 2871–2876. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.2871E. S2CID 76657165. arXiv:1512.02146可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw352. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Hajduk, M.; van Hoof, P. A. M.; Zijlstra, A. A. CK Vul: evolving nebula and three curious background stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11 June 2013, 432 (1): 167–175. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432..167H. S2CID 118475362. arXiv:1312.5846可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt426. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Morton, Wagman. Lost Stars. Blacksburg, Virginia: McDonald and Woodward. 2003: 494. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shara, M. M.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Webbink, R. F. Unraveling the oldest and faintest recovered nova - CK Vulpeculae (1670). Astrophysical Journal. July 1, 1985, 294: 271–285. Bibcode:1985ApJ...294..271S. doi:10.1086/163296. 
  7. ^ Baily, Francis. The Catalogue of Stars of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: Richard and John E Taylor. 1845: 77. Bibcode:1845tcot.book.....B. ISBN 978-1165133253. 
  8. ^ Shara, M. M.; Moffat, A. F. J. The recovery of CK Vulpeculae (Nova 1670) - The oldest 'old nova'. Astronomical Journal. July 1, 1982, 258 (Part 2 Letters to the Editor): L41–L44. Bibcode:1982ApJ...258L..41S. doi:10.1086/183826. 
  9. ^ Naylor, T.; Charles, P. A.; Mukai, K.; Evans, A. An observational case against nova hibernation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1992, 258 (3): 449–456. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258..449N. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.3.449可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ Hajduk, M; Zijlstra, Albert A; Van Hoof, P. A. M; Lopez, J. A; Drew, J. E; Evans, A; Eyres, S. P. S; Gesicki, K; Greimel, R; Kerber, F; Kimeswenger, S; Richer, M. G. The enigma of the oldest 'nova': The central star and nebula of CK Vul. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2007, 378 (4): 1298–1308. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.378.1298H. S2CID 14892116. arXiv:0709.3746可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11825.x. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Kaminski, Tomasz; Menten, Karl M.; Tylenda, Romuald; Hajduk, Marcin; Patel, Nimesh A.; Kraus, Alexander. Nuclear ashes and outflow in the eruptive star Nova Vul 1670. Nature. March 23, 2015, 520 (7547): 322–4. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..322K. PMID 25799986. S2CID 4449518. arXiv:1503.06570可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature14257. 
  12. ^ Stellar Corpse Reveals Origin of Radioactive Molecules - Observations using ALMA find radioactive isotope aluminium-26 from the remnant CK Vulpeculae. www.eso.org. [31 July 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-06). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Banerjee, D. P. K.; Geballe, T. R.; Evans, A.; Shahbandeh, M.; Woodward, C. E.; Gehrz, R. D.; Eyres, S. P. S.; Starrfield, S.; Zijlstra, A. Near-infrared Spectroscopy of CK Vulpeculae: Revealing a Remarkably Powerful Blast from the Past. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020, 904 (2): L23. Bibcode:2020ApJ...904L..23B. S2CID 226254757. arXiv:2011.02939可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abc885. 
  14. ^ Kamiński, T; Menten, K. M; Tylenda, R; Karakas, A; Belloche, A; Patel, N. A. Organic molecules, ions, and rare isotopologues in the remnant of the stellar-merger candidate, CK Vulpeculae (Nova 1670). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2017, 607: A78. Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..78K. S2CID 62829732. arXiv:1708.02261可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731287. 
  15. ^ Eyres, Stewart; Evans, Aneurin; Zijlstra, Albert; Avison, Adam; Gehrz, Robert; Hajduk, Marcin; Starrfield, Sumner; Mohamed, Shazrene; Woodward, Charles; Wagner, R. Mark. ALMA reveals the aftermath of a white dwarf--brown dwarf merger in CK Vulpeculae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 16 September 2018, 481 (4): 4931. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.481.4931E. S2CID 119462149. arXiv:1809.05849可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2554 (英语). 

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