流放

流放,又稱流刑放逐,是一種強迫他人流亡的刑罰,古時世界各國都有這種刑罰,流放地通常是離島或極為偏遠的地方,使被流放的人難以返回原定居或活動之處。如大英帝國時常流放罪犯到澳大利亞俄羅斯帝國則多將異議分子遷徙至西伯利亞日本幕府將軍則多流放公卿武士北海道佐渡島隱岐島中國初多流放罪人至東北盛京寧古塔尚陽堡,中葉以後則常常是伊犁烏魯木齊

中國古代的流罪

流放的記載很早,《尚書·堯典》稱:「流宥五刑」、「流共工幽州,放驩兜崇山,竄三苗三危,殛羽山[1]。《尚書》又稱:“成湯,放於南巢”。秦朝之前, 流放的期限是12年到無期;南北朝時期改成了最長6年,分近中遠三種距離;唐朝以後縮短為3年(原犯反逆死罪除外)。宋朝以2年為基數,最多可罰至6年、女性可免(通常新帝即位犯小罪者可獲回中原)。

清初多流放罪人至東北盛京寧古塔尚陽堡,尤以漢人居多。順治十二年(1655年)以「寧古塔地遠嚴寒,至其地者九死一生」,改為「將遼東各地量其遠近,酌罪輕重,以為徙所。」但順治十四年(1657年)南闈科場案發,方拱乾舉家數十口判徙寧古塔。

流放是生死搏鬥的歷程,罪犯身心皆承受極大痛苦,多病死途中。清代刑律规定“限日行五十里,若三千里限二月;二千五百里限五十日;餘准是。”流人每天的食物,均由当地政府供给,犯人经常受到担负递解任务的解役兵丁肆意虐待,动辄遭受打骂。即便抵達戍所,貧苦、飢餓等一再威脅性命。吴兆骞在給其母的信中说:“宁古寒苦天下所无,自春初到四月中旬,大风如雷鸣电激咫尺皆迷,五月至七月阴雨接连,八月中旬即下大雪,九月初河水尽冻。雪才到地即成坚冰,一望千里皆茫茫白雪。”

但也有不少文士,天性樂觀,不以放逐為惡,在當地從事教育事業,如清初因通海案放逐至寧古塔的楊越,「伐木構室,壘土石為炕,出餘物易菽粟。民與習,乃教之讀書,明禮教,崇退讓,躬養老撫孤。」[2]依《大清會典事例》,清初遣戍東北,有捐馬、修城、認工等放歸方式。

著名的流放地点

世界历史上著名的流放地点

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ 《十三經注疏·尚書》(臺北:藝文印書館,1989),卷3,頁40。
  2. ^ 《清史稿》,卷499〈楊越傳〉,頁13800。

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·經濟彙編·祥刑典·流徙部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

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