杯椎魚龍屬

杯椎鱼龙属
化石时期:三疊紀中期至後期,240–210 Ma
杯椎魚龍的想像圖
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行綱 Reptilia
目: 鱼龙目 Ichthyosauria
科: 杯椎魚龍科 Cymbospondylidae
属: 杯椎鱼龙属 Cymbospondylus
Leidy, 1868
模式種
魚形杯椎魚龍
Cymbospondylus piscosus

Leidy, 1868
其他物種
  • 布氏杯椎魚龍 C. buchseri Sander, 1989
  • 尼氏杯椎魚龍 C. nichollsi Fröbisch et al., 2006
  • 杜氏杯椎魚龍 C. duelferi Klein et al., 2020
  • 楊氏杯椎魚龍 C. youngorum Sander et al., 2021
  • C. natans Merriam, 1908
  • 德國杯椎魚龍 C. germanicus? Huene, 1916
  • 內華達杯椎魚龍 C. nevadanus? Merriam, 1908
  • 嬌小杯椎魚龍 C. parvus Huene, 1916
  • 大杯椎魚龍 C. petrinus Leidy, 1868

杯椎魚龍屬屬名Cymbospondylus[註 1])是魚龍類的一個基群,生存於三疊紀中晚期,身形修長,體型因物種而異,但整體而言是中至大型的魚龍,最大的物種全長可能超過17公尺[2]。化石發現於美國西部[3]、德國南部[4]瑞士義大利北部[5],以及斯匹茲卑爾根島[6]。杯椎魚龍屬一度被認為屬於薩斯特魚龍科[7],晚近的研究則顯示其比薩斯特魚龍科更原始[8][9]

發現與化石

布氏杯椎魚龍的化石
杯椎魚龍與人類的體型相比圖

杯椎魚龍的化石已在德國內華達州發現,第一個種是由約瑟夫·萊迪(Joseph Leidy)在1868年所命名。直到20世紀初才發現第一個完整化石。據稱,早年曾有內華達州銀礦工人將杯椎魚龍化石當作木板使用,杯椎魚龍目前是內華達州的州化石

敘述

儘管較為原始,杯椎魚龍是最長的魚龍類之一,化石顯示身長約6-10公尺[10]。杯椎魚龍是最不像魚類的魚龍類之一,背部沒有背鰭,尾巴有長的下鰭。牠們擁有延長的口鼻部,類似其他魚龍類[11]

儘管杯椎魚龍的體型大,牠們無法威脅到同時代的其他海生爬行動物,例如幻龍。杯椎魚龍的頭部長約1公尺[10],頜部大,具有多排小型牙齒,無法咬住、固定住大型動物。杯椎魚龍的小型牙齒,可能用來咬住、固定小到中型獵物,例如:小型魚類箭石頭足類菊石。杯椎魚龍的長尾部,適合用來游泳,可使杯椎魚龍以快速度衝進魚群捕食。

成年杯椎魚龍可能將許多時間潛水在深海捕食魚類,只有在生產、捕食特定食物來源時游泳到淺水地區。如同其他魚龍類,杯椎魚龍可能直接產下幼體,因為牠們的體型無法到海岸產蛋[10]。在這種狀況下,可能只有少數個體可以生長到成年個體。

杯椎魚龍尾部為鰻魚狀,接近身長的一半,結構是比較原始的,牠們可能以原始的游泳方式前進。杯椎魚龍可能藉由擺動牠們的身體來前進,類似現代海蛇。杯椎魚龍的鰭狀肢可能當作在水中的穩定器,並減緩牠們的游泳速度[11]

大眾文化

杯椎魚龍出現於BBC的電視節目《海底霸王》(Sea Monsters)。牠們被描述成三疊紀海域的頂級掠食者。在節目中,奈吉爾·馬文與一隻杯椎魚龍正面交鋒,並以電擊槍將其驅趕走。

在BBC出版的《The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life》,錯誤地將杯椎魚龍描述為最大型的魚龍類,實際上應該是薩斯特魚龍

註釋

  1. ^ 拉丁文cymba (船)與 spondylus (脊椎骨)組成,形容脊椎骨兩側略為內凹,底部幾近平坦的形態[1]。中文譯作杯椎魚龍可能是將屬名中的 cymbocymbium 解,指一種外形像小艇的酒器。

參考資料

  1. ^ Leidy, J. Notice of Some Reptilian Remains from Nevada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1868, 20: 177–178 [2021-12-25]. ISSN 0097-3157. (原始内容存档于2020-08-11). 
  2. ^ Sander, P. M.; Griebeler, E. M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J. V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L. J.; Schmitz, L. Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans. Science. 2021, 374 (6575). ISSN 1095-9203. doi:10.1126/science.abf5787. 
  3. ^ Massare, J. A.; Callaway, J. M. Cymbospondylus (Ichthyosauria: Shastasauridae) from the Lower Triassic Thaynes Formation of southeastern Idaho. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1994, 14 (1): 139–141. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011545. 
  4. ^ Huene, F. v. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ichthyosaurier im deutschen Muschelkalk. Palaeontographica. 1916, 62: 1–68 [2021-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-06). 
  5. ^ Sander, P. M. The large ichthyosaur Cymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with a survey of the genus in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1989, 9 (2): 163–173 [2021-12-25]. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011750. (原始内容存档于2021-12-25). 
  6. ^ Sander, P. M. Cymbospondylus (Shastasauridae: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Spitsbergen: filling a paleobiogeographic gap. Journal of Paleontology. 1992, 66 (2): 332–337 [2021-12-25]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033825. (原始内容存档于2021-12-25). 
  7. ^ Merriam, J. C. Triassic Ichthyosauria: with special reference to the American forms. Memoirs of the University of California 1. University of California Press. 1908: 196 pp. [2021-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05). 
  8. ^ Motani, R. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1999, 19 (3): 473–496. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160. 
  9. ^ Klein, N.; Schmitz, L.; Wintrich, T.; Sande, M. A new cymbospondylid ichthyosaur (Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Augusta Mountains, Nevada, USA. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2020, 18 (14): 1167–1191. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 219078178. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1748132. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cymbospondylus. BBC - Science & Nature. [2009-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-26). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 78. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 

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