拉律戰爭

拉律戰爭,或译拿律战争[1](英語:Larut Wars),是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區(也译拿律[2]馬來語Larut,今霹靂州太平一帶)的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始于1861年7月,並以《邦咯条约》的签署告终。戰爭起因於当地华人秘密會社争夺霹雳州拉律地區的矿区控制权的冲突,以及拉惹阿都拉(Raja Abdullah)和雅·依布拉欣(Ngah Ibrahim)间的繼承戰爭

第一次拉律戰爭 1861–62

1861年7月,第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制矿井水源的争论升级,海山公司義興公司赶出新吉辇 (Klian Baharu, 今甘文丁英语Kamunting )。 [3][4][5][6] 海峡殖民地总督加文納英语Orfeur Cavenagh干预,要求拿律土酋卡依布拉欣代表霹雳州苏丹賠償義興公司17,447美元。[7][8][9][10][11]

第二次拉律戰爭 1865

1865年6月,因兩派結社成员间的赌博争吵,爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成员俘虏了14名義興公司成員,其中13人被杀。第14人逃跑,通知會社。義興公司展開報復,袭击海山公司村庄,夷为平地,杀死了40名男子。战鬥蔓延到威斯利省槟城岛,其他秘密結社陸續加入战斗。双方戰至筋疲力尽,最终达成协议。在官方调查後,海山義興,因破壞槟城和平,各被罚款5,000美元,流放领导人。[12][13][14][15]

1870年,拉律地区共有约4万名客家粤语矿工,两组矿区相距较近。[16][17]

第三次拉律戰爭 1871-72

1871年,爆发了第三次拉律戰爭。起因,据传,來自一件丑闻,涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後,这对奸夫淫妇,遭到严刑拷打,浸猪笼,最終扔进废弃矿池淹死。为首领报仇,義興公司率領经槟城帶進來的4,000名中國大陸雇佣兵袭击海山,首次將海山公司赶出拉律。约一万名海山公司成員在槟城寻求庇护。几个月后,由卡依布拉欣支持的海山公司奪會了馬當(Matang)和拉律矿山。此时,1871年,苏丹阿里去世后,拉惹阿都拉 ( Raja Abdullah ) 宣稱霹雳州王位,反对在阿都拉缺席时獲任命的苏丹伊斯邁(Raja Ismail[18],以及 卡依布拉欣與海山公司。华裔矿工间的战争遂演變成霹雳州马来蘇丹的内战。[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

第四次拉律战争和邦咯条约 1873–74

第四次拉律战争
Perang Larut Keempat
拉律战争的一部分
日期1873 – 1874
地点
结果 拉惹阿督拉與英軍的勝利
1874年邦咯条约
参战方

義興公司
霹靂拉惹阿都拉英语Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak
 大英帝国

海山公司
霹靂卡依布拉欣英语Ngah Ibrahim
指挥官与领导者
陳亞炎
拉惹阿都拉英语Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak
克拉爵士
鄭景貴
卡依布拉欣英语Ngah Ibrahim

1873年,距离上次战爭仅一年,第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司夺回拉律几周后,義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支持下,動用来自新加坡中国的武器人员反击。卡依布拉欣在马当的财产被毁。当地马来居民遭杀掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦邦咯天定。在拉律戰爭中,始終旁觀的马来酋长震驚於华裔矿工及秘密結社造成的混乱。海峡殖民地槟城华人看到投资在拉律戰爭中遭到破坏,寻求英国干预。超过4萬名来自海山義興的华人参与霹雳王室的繼承战争。[27][28][29][30][31]

霹雳苏丹国陷入旷日持久的继承斗争,无法维持秩序。事泰失控,對马来人、华人和英国人不利。 [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]维多利亚时代的旅行家和冒险家伊莎贝拉(Isabella Lucy Bird,1831-1904 年)在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》(The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, 1892) 中陈述,拉惹阿都拉与友人陳金鐘,以及新加坡英國商人,起草了一封信给海峽殖民地總督克拉英语Andrew Clarke,尋求将霹雳州置于英国保护下,說“需要一位能人来展示善治。”[39] [40][41][42] 1872年9月26日,在2千名森宁會人袭击1萬2千名中山會人后,鄭景貴聯合44位華裔領袖請求英国干预。[43][44][45]

為恢复霹雳州法律和秩序,英国干预马来国家事务,協助邦咯条约的簽訂。 1874 年,海峡殖民地总督克拉英语Andrew Clarke爵士在邦咯岛召开会议,阿都拉獲得霹雳州苏丹王位,而不是竞争对手伊斯邁。 [46] [47] [48]

1874年1月20日,在邦咯岛的冥王号上,各方签署條約,以解决華人争端及苏丹继承權,并为英国居住區铺平道路──Tristram_Speedy英语Tristram_Speedy獲任管理拉律,及協助管理英国居民. [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]

海山公司首領鄭景貴,與義興公司首領陳亞炎,分别受封为中国甲必丹。拉律更名为太平,作为休战状态的确认。三天后,鄭景貴受任为安撫委員會成员。其他成員包含瑞天咸必麒麟。委员会目标是,以友好方式,解决拉律锡矿争吵。 [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]

委員會决定,将太平的矿山分配给海山,将甘文丁的矿山分配给義興。[60][61]

1880年代,在太平建立了马来半岛第一座供奉何仙姑的寺庙。學者廖小菁認為建廟是战后的“和解工程”[62],“為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制,所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果”[62]。许多華裔矿工来自何仙姑崇拜中心增城区[62]

餘波

1875 年,新任命的英国駐紮總長James W. W. Birch英语James W. W. Birch馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗杀。里拉是上霹雳州的王子和穆夫提,是马来西亚民族主义者,希望恢复英国禁止的奴隶制,或恢复霹雳州的独立,来保护自己的经济利益。在随后的霹雳战争英语Perak War中,英軍击败叛军,进行报复,处决里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動,拉惹阿都拉和卡依布拉欣遭流放至塞舌尔

1877年,英国任命慕扎法沙英语Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah of Perak霹靂州摄政;1886年,慕扎法沙英语Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah of Perak成为霹雳州新苏丹。

參考書目

  • 《拜別唐山:在馬來半島異域重生》,白偉權著,台北市:一八四一出版,2024年。ISBN 9786269737291

參見

参考

註腳

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延伸阅读

  • Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Edited by Keat Gin Ooi, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1576077705, ISBN 9781576077702, P775
  • Ipoh: when tin was king By Ho Tak Ming, Perak Academy, 2009, ISBN 9834250029, ISBN 9789834250027, PP9&67
  • Thai south and Malay north: ethnic interactions on the plural Peninsula, Michael John Montesano, Patrick Jory, NUS Press, 2008, ISBN 9971694115, ISBN 9789971694111, P208
  • Fifteenth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission, Congressional edition, Volume 3826, United States Congress, US G.P.O., 1899, PP529, 530, 534
  • The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9, 2003, ISBN 0852299613, ISBN 9780852299616, PP113,278
  • Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals, 1874-1876 by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1975
  • Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Volume 11 of London oriental series, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967
  • In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, University of Hawaii Press, 1987, ISBN 0824811100, ISBN 9780824811105
  • In quest of unity: the centralisation theme in Malaysian Federal-State relations, 1957–75, Issue 39 of Occasional paper, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Robert O. Tilman, Institute of Southeast Asian, 1976
  • Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States, United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, GPO, 1901, PP1249&1250
  • The protected Malay States, 1874-1895, Emily Sadka, University of Malaya Press, 1968
  • Papers on Malayan history, K. G. Tregonning, Journal South-East Asian History, 1962
  • Papers on Malay subjects, Richard James Wilkinson, Oxford University Press, 1971
  • A history of Perak, Issue 3 of M.B.R.A.S. reprints, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, MBRAS, 1974
  • Pickering: protector of Chinese, Robert Nicholas Jackson, Oxford U. P., 1966
  • The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya, Yat Hoong Yip, University of Malaya Press, 1969
  • The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang, Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies, Lin Ken Wong, University of Arizona Press, 1965
  • The Malay States, 1877-1895: political change and social policy, Philip Fook Seng Loh, Oxford University Press, 1969

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American politician (1809–1893) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Morgan C. Hamilton – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Morgan Calvin HamiltonUnited States Senatorfrom TexasIn officeMarch 31, 1870 – March...

 

Wolfurt di Vorarlberg, Austria Wolfurt ialah sebuah kotamadya di negara bagian Vorarlberg, Austria. Sejak 2002, memiliki penduduk 8.064. Pranala luar Situs kotamadya lbs Munisipalitas di negara bagian VorarlbergDistrik Bludenz Bartholomäberg · Blons · Bludenz · Bludesch · Brand · Bürs · Bürserberg · Dalaas · Fontanella · Gaschurn · Innerbraz · Klösterle · Lech am Arlberg · Lorüns · Ludesch · Nenzing...

 

Franciszek Smuda Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 22 Juni 1948 (umur 75)Tempat lahir Lubomia, PolandiaTinggi 1,82 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Wisła Kraków (manajer)Karier junior1962–1967 Unia Racibórz1967–1969 Odra Wodzisław ŚląskiKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1970 Stal Mielec 1970–1971 Piast Gliwice 1971–1974 Vistula Garfield 1975 Hartford Bicentennials 20 (3)1975–1977 Legia Warsaw 33 (0)1978 Oakland Stompers ...

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)(47—48歲) † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章(追贈)军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年-1958年军衔 二級上將 (追晉)部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

 

Pierre GuyotatBiographieNaissance 9 janvier 1940Bourg-ArgentalDécès 7 février 2020 (à 80 ans)12e arrondissement de ParisSépulture Cimetière du Père-LachaiseNom de naissance Pierre Marie Philippe GuyotatPseudonyme DonalbainNationalité françaiseActivités Écrivain, dramaturge, journalistePériode d'activité 1961-2020Autres informationsDistinctions Liste détailléePrix Alfred-Née (1965)Prix DécembrePrix de la langue françaisePrix MédicisCommandeur des Arts et des Lettres‎T...

 

My Nerd GirlGenreMisteriBerdasarkanMy Nerd Girloleh Aida HarisahSutradaraKuntz AgusPemeran Naura Ayu Devano Danendra Ashira Zamita Anya Taroreh Dinda Mahira Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim2Jmlh. episode8ProduksiProduser eksekutif Anthony Buncio Monika Rudijono Tina Arwin Aron Levitz Eric Lehrman Dexter Ong ProduserWicky V. OlindoPengaturan kameraMulti-kameraDurasi44—50 menitRumah produksi Screenplay Films Wattpad Studios Rilis asliJaringanVidioRilis26 Februari...

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Alfred RedlAlfred Redl vers 1907.BiographieNaissance 14 mars 1864LvivDécès 25 mai 1913 (à 49 ans)VienneNationalité autrichienneAllégeance Autriche-HongrieActivités Officier, espionPériode d'activité à partir de 1879Père Franz Redl (d)Autres informationsArme Armée austro-hongroiseGrade militaire ColonelDistinction Ordre de la Couronne de fermodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Alfred Redl, né le 14 mars 1864 et mort le 25 mai 1913, est un officier autrichien, qui é...

 

Ingria dan wilayah paroki Lutherannya di Kegubernuran Sankt Peterburg di Kekaisaran Rusia sekitar tahun 1900. Bendera Ingria Ingria (bahasa Finlandia: Inkeri atau Inkerinmaa; bahasa Rusia: Ингрия, Ingriya, Ижорская земля, Izhorskaya zemlya, atau Ингерманландия, Ingermanlandiya; bahasa Swedia: Ingermanland; bahasa Estonia: Ingeri atau Ingerimaa) adalah wilayah yang terletak di pesisir selatan Teluk Finlandia. Wilayah ini berbatasan dengan Danau ...

U.S. House district for New Mexico NM-1 redirects here. The term may also refer to New Mexico State Road 1. New Mexico's 1st congressional districtInteractive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023RepresentativeMelanie StansburyD–AlbuquerqueDistribution91.35% urban8.65% ruralPopulation (2022)713,527[1]Median householdincome$66,579[2]Ethnicity45.5% White40.9% Hispanic4.2% Native American3.6% Two or more races2.8% Asian2.4% Black0.6% otherCook PVID+5[3] New M...

 

Genus of mammals Rhynchocyon[1] Rhynchocyon petersi Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Macroscelidea Family: Macroscelididae Genus: RhynchocyonPeters, 1847 Type species Rhynchocyon cirneiPeters, 1847 Species Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Rhynchocyon cirnei Rhynchocyon petersi Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Rhynchocyon is a genus of elephant shrew (or sengi) in the family Macroscelididae.[1] Members o...

 

Para otros usos de este término, véase Neuquén. Neuquén Provincia De izquierda a derecha y de arriba abajo: Volcán Lanín en Junín de los Andes, Lago Pulmarí con araucarias, parque nacional Los Arrayanes, Lago Nahuel Huapi y panorámica de la capital provincial BanderaEscudo Himno: Neuquén Trabun Mapu[2]​ Coordenadas 38°57′06″S 68°04′28″O / -38.951666666667, -68.074444444444Capital NeuquénCiudad más poblada NeuquénIdioma oficial Español • Ot...

Participation in the Genocide Convention   Signed and ratified   Acceded or succeeded   Only signed Main article: Genocide Convention The list of parties to the Genocide Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. On 11 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime o...

 

1780 Battle of the American Revolutionary War This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Battle of Fishdam Ford – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because i...