戴維森-革末實驗

柯林頓·戴維森(左邊)和雷斯特·革末(右邊),1927 年。戴維森手中拿著電子繞射實驗的儀器。

戴維森-革末實驗柯林頓·戴維森雷斯特·革末設計與研究成功的一個量子力學實驗。他們用低速電子入射於鎳晶體,取得電子的繞射圖案。發表於 1927 年,這實驗為德布羅意假說(所有物質都具有的性質,即波粒二象性),提供了不可否定的證據。因此,戴維森獲得了諾貝爾物理學獎。在量子力學的發展史上,這實驗證實了其正確性,使得那時剛創立的量子力學,獲得了物理學家的廣泛接受。

歷史

1924 年,路易·德布羅意發表了他的博士論文。在論文裏,他建議一個新穎的點子:所有的物質都具有波的性質[1]。根據德布羅意,粒子的能量 與其物質波頻率 的關係為

其中,普朗克常數

還有,粒子的動量 與其物質波波長 的關係為

這關係稱為德布羅意關係

1926 年,在知道戴維森-革末實驗的初步結果之後,瓦爾特·愛爾沙色英语Walter M. Elsasser (Walter Elsasser) 試著尋找一個能夠解釋這結果的理論。他發覺,這是電子的繞射現象,類似於 X射線晶體繞射[2]


1927 年,在貝爾實驗室,戴維森與革末將低速電子入射於一個晶體標靶[3]。他們細心地測量散射到每個角度的電子強度。他們發覺繞射圖案與威廉·布拉格預測的 X射線的繞射圖案相同。戴維森-革末實驗證實了德布羅意假說的正確性。這個實驗與康普頓散射實驗,證實了量子力學理論的一個基本角柱:波粒二象性。

實驗

實驗設計圖。

在戴維森-革末實驗裏,一個電子槍連續地射出一束電子,以直角角度,入射在一個鎳晶體(垂直於晶體的表面)。電子槍內部的金屬絲,在經過加熱後,釋放出熱受激態電子。這些電子經過位勢差 的加速,給予了它們動能 。在與鎳晶體碰撞後,電子會朝各個方向散射出去。使用電子偵測器,可以測量出來電子的散射強度與散射角度的數據關係。在散射角度為 的方向,戴維森與革末發現散射強度特別顯著。

布拉格定律 (Bragg's law) 的方程式為

其中, 是正值整數, 是波長, 是晶體表面原子與原子之間的距離, 是入射線與晶體平面之間的角度。

散射角度 與入射角度 的關係是

代入布拉格定律方程式,則可得到

設定 為鎳晶體表面原子與原子之間的距離, 。我們可以計算出,波長是 。這正好是 電子的德布羅意波長。

參閱

參考文獻

  1. ^ R. Eisberg, R. Resnick. Chapter 3 – de Broglie's Postulate—Wavelike Properties of Particles. Quantum Physics: of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 1985. ISBN 0-471-87373-X. 
  2. ^ Rubin, Harry. Walter m. Elsasser. National Academies Press. [2008-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-14). 
  3. ^ C. Davisson, L. H. Germer. Reflection of electrons by a crystal of nickel. Nature. 1927,. Vol. 119: 558–560. 

外部链接

Read other articles:

Minnesota UnitedJulukanThe Loons[1]Berdiri25 Maret 2015; 8 tahun lalu (2015-03-25)StadionAllianz FieldSaint Paul, Minnesota(Kapasitas: 19,400)PemilikBill McGuirePelatihAdrian HeathLigaMajor League Soccer2021Wilayah barat: ke-5Keseluruhan: ke-11Play-off: Babak pertamaSitus webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Musim ini Minnesota United FC adalah sebuah klub sepak bola profesional asal Amerika Serikat yang berbasis di Saint Paul, Minnesota. Saat ini berkompeti...

 

العلاقات الروسية القيرغيزستانية روسيا قيرغيزستان   روسيا   قيرغيزستان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الروسية القيرغيزستانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين روسيا وقيرغيزستان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدول�...

 

Янычар Жанры приключенияисториядрамамелодрама Создатель Сергей Юдаков Режиссёр Иван Шурховецкий Сценаристы Алексей ГравицкийСергей Волков В главных ролях см. ниже Композиторы Илья АндрусАлексей ЧинцовИван Бурляев (уч.)Дмитрий Носков (уч.) Страна  Россия Число се...

ОбластьПазарджикская областьболг. Област Пазарджик 42°05′ с. ш. 24°15′ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Болгария Входит в Южно-Центральный регион Включает 12 общин Адм. центр город Пазарджик Областной управитель Георги Данаилов Петырнейчев История и география Дата образования ...

 

1. deild 1966 Competizione 1. deild Sport Calcio Edizione 55ª Organizzatore KSI Date dal 30 maggio 1966al 2 ottobre 1966 Luogo  Islanda Partecipanti 6 Risultati Vincitore Valur(13º titolo) Retrocessioni Þróttur Statistiche Miglior marcatore Jon Johansson (10 goal) Cronologia della competizione 1965 1967 Manuale La 1. deild 1966 fu la 55ª edizione della massima serie del campionato di calcio islandese disputata tra il 30 maggio e il 2 ottobre 1966 e conclusa con la vitt...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع زجاج (توضيح). زجاجمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من مادة لابلوريةصلبمادة الكثافة 7٬500 غرام لكل سنتيمتر مكعب2٬200 غرام لكل سنتيمتر مكعب معامل يونغ 48٬000 ميغاباسكال12٬000 ميغاباسكال نسبة بواسون 0٫25 معامل القص 26٫2 gigapascal (en) الطاقة المجسدة 15 megajoule per kilogram (en) موصوف في وصل�...

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Daffy. Daffy DuckTokoh Looney Tunes/Merrie MelodiesPenampilanperdanaPorky's Duck Hunt17 April 1937Pencipta Tex Avery Bob Clampett Pengisi suara Mel Blanc (1937–1989) Jeff Bergman (1990–1993, 2011–present) Joe Alaskey (1990–2014) Greg Burson (1993–1997) Billy West (Histeria!) Maurice LaMarche (Taz-Mania) Dee Bradley Baker (1996, 2016–2019) Sam Vincent (2001–2006) Jeff Bennett (Attack of the Drones) Eric Bauza (2018–sekarang) (see below) Developed by B...

 

Museo della 'ndrangheta UbicazioneStato Italia LocalitàReggio Calabria IndirizzoVia Cava Aloi - Reggio di Calabria Coordinate38°03′24.84″N 15°40′42.96″E / 38.0569°N 15.6786°E38.0569; 15.6786Coordinate: 38°03′24.84″N 15°40′42.96″E / 38.0569°N 15.6786°E38.0569; 15.6786 CaratteristicheTipoCultura locale, criminalità Apertura2009 Sito web Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il Museo della ndrangheta (Antigone-Osservatorio sulla ...

 

Bilateral relationsLebanon–Russia relations Russia Lebanon Russian President Vladimir Putin with Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri in Malaysia, 2003 Lebanon–Russia relations (Russian: Российско-ливанские отношения) are the bilateral relations between the Lebanese Republic and the Russian Federation. Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Beirut. Both states have cordial relations. 1770s In the 1770s, Russian troops occupied Beirut. [...

List of accolades received by Spider-Man: No Way HomeTom Holland's performance received acclaim from critics and audiences, and gave him several accolades.AccoladesAward Wins Nominations AACTA Awards 0 1Academy Awards 0 1Artios Awards 1 1ASCAP Awards 2 2Austin Film Critics Association Awards 0 1BET Awards 1 1Capri Hollywood International Film Festival 3 3Cinema Audio Society Awards 0 1Costume Designers Guild Awards 0 1Critics' Choice Super Awards 3 5Georgia Film Critics Association Awards 1 ...

 

Berkeley SETI Research CenterLogoFormation2012; 12 years ago (2012)PurposeDetermine the prevalence of intelligent life in the universeHeadquartersBerkeley, CaliforniaDirectorAndrew SiemionParent organizationUniversity of California, BerkeleyWebsiteseti.berkeley.edu Screen shot of the screensaver for SETI@home, a distributed computing project in which volunteers donate idle computer power to analyze radio signals for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. This article is one...

 

The United States of America1865–1917State Street in Chicago, c. 1900. The post Civil War era saw the rise of the United States as a major industrial economy.LocationUnited StatesIncludingReconstruction eraNadir of American race relationsThird Great AwakeningSecond Industrial RevolutionGilded AgeProgressive EraMigrations:American frontierGreat MigrationPresident(s)Abraham LincolnAndrew JohnsonUlysses S. GrantRutherford B. HayesJames A. GarfieldChester A. ArthurGrover ClevelandWilliam McKin...

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府(Oguzkhan Presidential Palace)機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年,可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關(英语:National Council of Turkmenistan) ...

 

The following is a list of episodes from the series Tom and Jerry Tales. Series overview SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired13913September 23, 2006 (2006-09-23)May 5, 2007 (2007-05-05)23913September 22, 2007 (2007-09-22)March 22, 2008 (2008-03-22) Episodes Season 1 (2006–07) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byStoryboard byOriginal air dateProd.code [1]K6–11 rating/share11Tiger C...

 

ArkangelEpisode Black MirrorPoster promosiNomor episodeEpisode 2SutradaraJodie FosterPenulisCharlie BrookerMusikOriginal Score byMark IshamTanggal siar29 Desember 2017 (2017-12-29)Durasi52 menitBintang tamu Rosemarie DeWitt sebagai Marie Sambrell Brenna Harding sebagai Sara Sambrell Nicholas Campbell sebagai Russ Sambrell Owen Teague sebagai Ryan Trick Angela Vint sebagai dokter bius Jason Weinberg sebagai dokter bedah Aniya Hodge sebagai Sara 3 tahun Sabryn Rock sebagai Pippa Jenny Rave...

Species of bird Pheasant cuckoo Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae Genus: Dromococcyx Species: D. phasianellus Binomial name Dromococcyx phasianellus(Spix, 1824) The pheasant cuckoo (Dromococcyx phasianellus) is a species of neotropical cuckoo in the subfamily Neomorphinae of the family Cuculidae. It is native to Central and South Ame...

 

1976 studio album by Sonny Stitt and Gene AmmonsTogether Again for the Last TimeStudio album by Sonny Stitt and Gene AmmonsReleased1976RecordedNovember 20 & 21 and December 10, 1973C.I. Studios, New YorkGenreJazzLength35:42LabelPrestigeP 10100ProducerDuke PearsonGene Ammons chronology Gene Ammons in Sweden(1973) Together Again for the Last Time(1976) Brasswind(1973-74) Sonny Stitt chronology Left Bank Encores(1973) Together Again for the Last Time(1973) Satan(1974) Professional ra...

 

Yasu 野洲市Kota BenderaLambangLokasi Yasu di Prefektur ShigaNegara JepangWilayahKansaiPrefektur ShigaPemerintahan • Wali kotaSusumu KayakiLuas • Total80,1 km2 (30,9 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2015) • Total49.889 • Kepadatan622,8/km2 (1,613/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+09:00Kode pos520-2395Nomor telepon077-587-1121Alamat2100-1 Koshinohara,Yasu-shi, Shiga-kenSitus webSitus web resmi Yasu (野洲市code: ja is depr...

Japanese Company SUMCO CorporationCompany headquarters in the Seavans North tower (right-hand side building)Company typePublic KKTraded asTYO: 3436IndustrySemiconductorPredecessorsSilicon United ManufacturingSumitomo Mitsubishi SiliconFounded(July 30, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-07-30))Headquarters1-2-1 Shibaura, Minato, Tokyo 105-8634, JapanArea servedWorldwideKey peopleMayuki Hashimoto(President and CEO)ServicesSilicon wafersSilicon ingotsRevenue$ 1.83 billion USD (FY 2013) (...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Siegfried. SiegfriedBiographieActivités Explorateur, aventurier, SauroctonesPère SigmundMère Hjördís (en)Conjoints BrunehildeKriemhildEnfants SvanhildrAslaugAutres informationsPropriétaire de Gram, Hrotti, Balmung (d)Vénéré par Mythologie nordiquemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Représentation de Sigurd dans une édition suédoise de 1893 de l'Edda poétique. Sigurd (Sigurðr en vieux norrois) est un héros légendaire de la mytholog...