太史

「太史氏」重定向至此。关于姓氏，请见「太史姓」。

太史，是中国古代官名。

沿革

太史在西周、春秋时掌管起草文书，策命诸侯卿大夫，记载史事，编写史书，兼管典籍、天文历法、祭祀等，为朝廷大臣。《後汉书·光武纪》注:“史官之长也。”后来职位渐低，在秦朝属奉常，汉朝属太常，掌天文历法，首長稱為太史令，秩六百石[1]；魏晋以后修史的职务划归著作郎，太史仅掌管推算历法。周朝時其官署名為太史寮，東漢稱太史寺[2]，北齊稱太史署[3]，隋朝稱太史曹，後改作太史局，後又改為太史監，唐朝名為太史局或太史監，唐肃宗时又改为司天台。宋代稱為太史局或司天監，另設翰林天文院。元代設太史院。至明清两朝，天文曆法由司天監、欽天監掌管，修史之事則交由翰林院负责，因此又称翰林为太史。

清朝時，康熙二十九年（1690年）、雍正元年（1723年）、乾隆元年（1736年）曾開立非常設的國史館。乾隆三十年（1765年），國史館成為常設機構。[4]

司马迁官职即为太史，在《史记》中的作者评述多以“太史公曰”的句子起始，所以太史一词有时也指司马迁所著的《史记》。如：唐朝的柳宗元《柳河东集》：“参之太史。”后代作者则模仿司马迁自称“太史氏”。

参考文献

  1. ^ 《太平御覽 》：“應劭曰：太史令，秩六百石，掌天時星歷。。
  2. ^ 《風俗通義》：「國家畏天之威，思求譴告，故於上西門城上候望，近太史寺，令丞躬親。靈臺位國之陽，又安別在宮中，懼有得失，故參之也。」
  3. ^ 欽定歷代職官表. [2023-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-26）. 隋書百官志：後齊太常統太史署令丞掌天文地動風雲氣色律歴卜筮等事太史兼領靈臺太卜二局丞靈臺掌天文觀候太卜掌諸卜筮 
  4. ^ 施仲謀. 賴太史與香港的中文教學. 2015-12 [2018-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-07）. 
維基教科書中的相關電子教程：中國歷代主要政府機構與官職考

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