四甲基锡

四甲基锡
Stereo structural formula of tetramethyltin
Ball-and-stick model of the tetramethyltin molecule
IUPAC名
Tetramethylstannane[1]
别名 四甲锡
识别
CAS号 594-27-4  checkY
PubChem 11661
ChemSpider 11171
SMILES
 
  • C[Sn](C)(C)C
Beilstein 3647887
Gmelin 1938
UN编号 3384
EINECS 209-833-6
ChEBI 30420
RTECS WH8630000
性质
化学式 C4H12Sn
摩尔质量 178.85 g·mol−1
外观 无色液体
密度 1.291 g cm−3
熔点 -54 °C(219 K)
沸点 74°C至 76 °C
危险性
警示术语 R:R26/27/28, R50/53
安全术语 S:S26, S27, S28, S45, S60, S61
欧盟分类 剧毒 T+有害环境物质 N
NFPA 704
4
3
1
 
相关物质
相关化学品 四丁基锡
四乙基锡
新戊烷

四甲基硅烷

若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

四甲基锡是一种有机金属化合物 ,化学式 (CH3)4Sn。这种液体是最简单的有机锡化合物之一,它对于过渡金属介导的酰氯到甲基酮的转化以及芳香卤化烃到芳香甲基酮的转化是有用的。它具有挥发性,且有毒,因此在实验室中使用时应小心。

制备和结构

四甲基锡可以由格氏试剂甲基碘化镁和 SnCl4反应而成,[2] 而原料四氯化锡可以由氯气和锡反应而成。[3]

4 CH3MgI + SnCl4 → (CH3)4Sn + 4 MgICl

在四甲基锡里,锡原子被四个甲基包围,是一种四面体型分子,可以看作是新戊烷的较重版本。

应用

其它有机锡化合物的前体

四甲基锡是三甲基氯化锡(和相关的甲基锡卤化物)的前体,后者是其他有机锡化合物的前体。 这些甲基氯化锡是通过所谓的Kocheshkov重分布反应制备的。因此,SnMe4 和 SnCl4 可以在 100 °C 至 200 °C 之间反应,形成 Me3SnCl:

SnCl4 + 3 SnMe4 → 4 Me3SnCl

另一种得到三甲基氯化锡的方法是反应氯化汞和 SnMe4 而成:[2]

4 HgCl2 + 4 SnMe4 → 4 Me3SnCl + 4 MeHgCl

PVC中,各种甲基锡化合物被用作稳定剂的前体。二巯基和三巯基锡化合物可用于抑制脱氯化氢反应,而这是PVC光解和热降解的途径。 [3]

表面官能化

四甲基锡会在 277 °C (550 K) 汽化并分解。Me4Sn 蒸汽会和二氧化硅反应,生成含有 Me3Sn 基团的固体。

Me4Sn + ≡SiOH → ≡SiOSnMe3 + MeH

其它的烷基锡也可以发生这个反应。在类似的方法中,四甲基锡已被用于在低至-90℃的温度下使某些沸石官能化。 [4]

在有机合成中的应用

有机合成中,四甲基锡与酰氯会进行钯催化偶联反应,得到甲基酮: [5]

SnMe4 + RCOCl → RCOMe + Me3SnCl

参考资料

  1. ^ Tetramethyltin | C4H12Sn. ChemSpider. [2013-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Scott, W. J.; Jones, J. H.; Moretto, A. F. Tetramethylstannane. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. 2002. ISBN 0471936235. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt070. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Thoonen, S. H. L.; Deelman, B.; van Koten, G. Synthetic Aspects of Tetraorganotins and Organotin(IV) Halides. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2004, 689 (13): 2145–2157. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.03.027. 
  4. ^ Davies, A. G. Tin Organometallics. Robert H. Crabtree; D. Michael P. Mingos (编). Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. Elsevier. 2008: 809–883. ISBN 9780080450476. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00054-6. 
  5. ^ Labadie, J. & Stille, J. Mechanisms of the palladium-catalyzed couplings of acid chlorides with organotin reagents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105 (19): 6129. doi:10.1021/ja00357a026. 

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