卡斯爾曼氏病

卡斯爾曼氏病
又称巨淋巴結增生(Giant lymph node hyperplasia)、類淋巴性錯構瘤(lymphoid hamartoma)、血管濾泡性淋巴結增生(angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia)、血管瘤性類淋巴缺陷瘤(angiomatous lymphoid hamartoma)
卡斯爾曼氏病患者的淋巴病理切片,圖中可以看到萎縮的生發中心(germinal center)及增厚的被套區(mantle zone)。圖中貫穿生發中心且細胞較少的粉紅透明構造為硬化的血管,此病理特徵稱為「棒棒糖徵象」("lollipop" sign),H&E染色
分类和外部资源
醫學專科免疫學、​血管學
ICD-10D47.Z2
DiseasesDB2165
Orphanet160、​160
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

卡斯爾曼氏病(Castleman disease)是一類罕見的淋巴增生性疾患英语lymphoproliferative disorder,疾病特徵主要為淋巴結腫大

卡斯爾曼氏病目前已知至少有三種亞型:局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病英语Unicentric Castleman disease(Unicentric Castleman disease,UCD)、人類疱疹病毒第8型關聯性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病英语HHV-8-associated MCD(HHV-8-associated MCD),以及特發性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病英语Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease(idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease,iMCD)。診斷上必須檢視病變淋巴結的位置及數量,以及確認是否有遭到HHV-8感染。由於各亞型的症狀、機轉、治療,及預後都不同,因此分型的工作相當重要。在美國,每年新發個案數約為6,500至7,700例左右[1]

1956年,班傑明‧卡斯爾曼英语Benjamin Castleman首次描述了此疾病,而此病也因此以他為名。卡斯爾曼氏病合作網路( The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network)是目前該疾病規模最大的相關團體,致力推動該疾病的研究、推廣,以及提供病友支持[2]

分類

卡斯爾曼氏病目前已知至少有三種亞型:局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病英语Unicentric Castleman disease(Unicentric Castleman disease,UCD)、人類疱疹病毒第8型關聯性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病英语HHV-8-associated MCD(HHV-8-associated MCD),以及特發性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病英语Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease(idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease,iMCD)[3]

淋巴結英语List of lymph nodes of the human body腫大的位置及數量對於卡斯爾曼氏病的分型相當重要[4]。在局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病(UCD)的患者身上,通常僅有一個區域的單顆或數顆淋巴結遭到進犯。多發性卡斯爾曼氏病(MCD)則顧名思義,即淋巴結腫大的位置散佈於多個區域。在感染症中,目前已知會併發卡斯爾曼氏病的病原體僅有人類疱疹病毒第8型英语Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(HHV-8)一種[4]

局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病

局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病(UCD)的患者僅有單一區域的淋巴結受到進犯[5]。此亞型為最常見的亞型,成因目前尚未闡明。UCD相對另外兩種亞型來說,症狀較為輕微,且通常不會伴隨器官衰竭的情形。治療可透過手術移除病變淋巴結進行,但若患者不適合開刀,則治療比照特發性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病[6][7]

特發性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病

特發性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病(iMCD)的患者會有多個區域的淋巴結遭到進犯,且沒有已知病因。該亞型較UCD少見,且症狀較為嚴重。診斷上必須有檢驗報告異常[6]。症狀包含全身性發炎反應及器官衰竭。此類型手術通常無法治癒,需透過藥物治療,治療藥物包含抗病毒藥物、胞毒性化學療法,以及生物製劑等等[1]

由於iMCD的症狀相對不具特異性,且病因迄今未明,在診斷上相當困難[8]

人類疱疹病毒第8型關聯性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病

人類疱疹病毒第8型關聯性多發性卡斯爾曼氏病(HHV-8-associated MCD)是因為HHV-8感染造成的多發性卡斯爾曼氏病,與iMCD一樣也會進犯多處淋巴結,較常發生於有人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的患者身上。該亞型在臨床症狀和治療上較類似iMCD,通常無法透過手術治癒,需透過藥物治療[6]

相關症候群

TAFRO症候群

偶發於某些多發性卡斯爾曼氏病的患者,症狀包含血小板低下、全身性水腫、發燒、網狀纖維化,以及器官腫大。此類患者對於免疫抑制劑及固醇類藥物反應良好[9]

病理學

卡斯爾曼氏病的診斷需透過病變淋巴結的切片進行[10],根據組織病理學特徵,可以區分為下列幾個變型(varient):

  • 透明血管型(Hyaline vascular):生發中心萎縮、濾泡樹突細胞英语Follicular dendritic cells增生或形態異常、濾泡間區域血管增生、血管硬化。淋巴被套區英语mantle zone增厚,出現「洋蔥狀」(“onion-skin”)徵象。
  • 漿細胞型(Plasmacytic):濾泡數量增加及生發中心增生,且片狀(sheet-like)漿細胞數量增加[10][11]
  • 高血管型(Hypervascular):與透明血管型類似,但此變型主要用於描述iMCD患者的變化。最主要的差異是此亞型的淋巴竇通常維持通暢,而透明血管型的淋巴竇基本上付之闕如[12]
  • 混合型(Mixed):合併有以上三種病理特徵。

在UCD中,大多數患者會以透明血管型表現,僅約一成的患者會以漿細胞型或混和型表現[7][12]。iMCD則主要以漿細胞型為主,但高血管型、透明血管型及混合型也有機會表現。HHV-8相關卡斯爾曼氏病的病例皆會出現血漿芽細胞性特徵(plasmablastic features),特徵上與漿細胞型類似,但鏡檢下能找到血漿芽細胞存在[10]潛伏期相關核蛋白-1英语LANA(Latency-associated nuclear antigen,LANA-1)是一種HHV-8特有的標記,LANA-1的特殊染色僅會在HHV-8相關卡斯爾曼氏病患者身上顯示陽性[13]

由於病理上不同變型之間,無法區分病情嚴重度及預測治療效果,因此目前尚無法藉由組織學特徵進行疾病分型[10]

鑑別診斷

除了卡斯爾曼氏病之外,也有一些疾病也會出現淋巴結腫大的情形,且組織學上也會呈現類似特徵,因此必須對以下疾病進行鑑別診斷[10][12]

歷史

1956年7月,美國病理學家班傑明‧卡斯爾曼英语Benjamin Castleman(Benjamin Castleman)首次描述了局灶性卡斯爾曼氏病的病例[14]。到了1984年,開始有一些病例報告描述多發性卡斯爾曼氏病,以及其與卡波西氏肉瘤之間的關聯[15]。到了1995年,學者在HIV感染的患者中,發現了HHV-8與卡斯爾曼氏病之間的關聯性[16]。正式的診斷標準則直到2016年才建立,隔年學界首次對iMCD提出國際診斷標準的共識[10]。2018年,針對iMCD的治療指引首次發表[17]

後人於2018年起,將卡斯爾曼發表首篇病例報告的7月23日,訂定為世界卡斯爾曼氏病日(World Castleman Disease Day)[14]

文化

2012年,卡斯爾曼氏病合作網路英语Castleman Disease Collaborative Network正式建立,為世界上最大的卡斯爾曼病專題組織[18],旨在促進該疾病的研究、推廣,及病友支持[19]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Yu, Li; Tu, Meifeng; Cortes, Jorge; Xu-Monette, Zijun Y.; Miranda, Roberto N.; Zhang, Jun; Orlowski, Robert Z.; Neelapu, Sattva; Boddu, Prajwal C.; Akosile, Mary A.; Uldrick, Thomas S. Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV- and HHV-8–negative Castleman disease. Blood. 2017-03-23, 129 (12): 1658–1668. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 5364343可免费查阅. PMID 28100459. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-11-748855可免费查阅. 
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  5. ^ Yu, Li; Tu, Meifeng; Cortes, Jorge; Xu-Monette, Zijun Y.; Miranda, Roberto N.; Zhang, Jun; Orlowski, Robert Z.; Neelapu, Sattva; Boddu, Prajwal C.; Akosile, Mary A.; Uldrick, Thomas S. Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV- and HHV-8–negative Castleman disease. Blood. 2017-03-23, 129 (12): 1658–1668. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 5364343可免费查阅. PMID 28100459. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-11-748855可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Oksenhendler E, Boutboul D, Fajgenbaum D, Mirouse A, Fieschi C, Malphettes M, Vercellino L, Meignin V, Gérard L, Galicier L. The full spectrum of Castleman disease: 273 patients studied over 20 years. British Journal of Haematology. January 2018, 180 (2): 206–216. PMID 29143319. doi:10.1111/bjh.15019可免费查阅. 
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  8. ^ Iwaki, Noriko; Fajgenbaum, David C.; Nabel, Christopher S.; Gion, Yuka; Kondo, Eisei; Kawano, Mitsuhiro; Masunari, Taro; Yoshida, Isao; Moro, Hiroshi; Nikkuni, Koji; Takai, Kazue. Clinicopathologic analysis of TAFRO syndrome demonstrates a distinct subtype of HHV-8-negative multicentric Castleman disease. American Journal of Hematology. 2016, 91 (2): 220–226. ISSN 1096-8652. PMID 26805758. S2CID 521845. doi:10.1002/ajh.24242可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ Iwaki, Noriko; Fajgenbaum, David C.; Nabel, Christopher S.; Gion, Yuka; Kondo, Eisei; Kawano, Mitsuhiro; Masunari, Taro; Yoshida, Isao; Moro, Hiroshi; Nikkuni, Koji; Takai, Kazue. Clinicopathologic analysis of TAFRO syndrome demonstrates a distinct subtype of HHV-8-negative multicentric Castleman disease. American Journal of Hematology. 2016, 91 (2): 220–226. ISSN 1096-8652. PMID 26805758. S2CID 521845. doi:10.1002/ajh.24242可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Fajgenbaum DC, Uldrick TS, Bagg A, Frank D, Wu D, Srkalovic G, et al. International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8-negative/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood. March 2017, 129 (12): 1646–1657. PMC 5364342可免费查阅. PMID 28087540. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-746933. 
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Chris ColferColfer pada saat pesta premiere Glee di Santa Monica, KaliforniaLahirChristopher Paul ColferPekerjaanAktor, penyanyiTahun aktif2009 – sekarang Christopher Paul Colfer (lahir 27 Mei 1990) adalah aktor asal Amerika Serikat. Ia dikenal sejak berperan sebagai Kurt Hummel dalam serial televisi Glee. Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan Colfer lahir di Clovis, Kalifornia. Kehidupan pribadi Colfer secara terbuka menyatakan dirinya adalah seorang gay[1] dan ia berbagi kepada Acce...

 

 

Grand final of the 1933 Victorian Football League season 1933 VFL Grand Final South Melbourne Richmond 9.17 (71) 4.5 (29) 1 2 3 4 SM 3.5 (23) 6.7 (43) 8.12 (60) 9.17 (71) RIC 0.2 (2) 2.3 (15) 3.3 (21) 4.5 (29) Date30 September 1933StadiumMelbourne Cricket GroundAttendance75,754UmpiresBob Scott ← 1932 VFL Grand Final 1934 → The 1933 VFL grand final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Richmond Football Club and South Melbourne Football Club, held at...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un compositeur américain, un compositeur de musique de film et un chef d’orchestre. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet musique classique. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Newman. Alfred NewmanAlfred Newman à l'âge de 13 ans.BiographieNaissance 17 mars 1901New HavenDécès 17 février 1970 (à 68 ans)HollywoodSépulture Forest Lawn Memorial ParkNationalité a...

 

 

雅利斯Jales市镇雅利斯在巴西的位置坐标:20°16′08″S 50°32′45″W / 20.2689°S 50.5458°W / -20.2689; -50.5458国家巴西州圣保罗州面积 • 总计368.757 平方公里(142.378 平方英里)海拔478 公尺(1,568 英尺)人口(2006) • 總計49,749人 • 密度135人/平方公里(349人/平方英里) 雅利斯(葡萄牙语:Jales)是巴西圣保罗州的一个市镇。�...