利摩日圍城戰

利摩日圍城戰
英法百年戰爭的一部分
日期1370年9月
地点
结果 英軍勝利[1]
参战方
英格蘭王國 法蘭西王國
指挥官与领导者
黑太子愛德華
岡特的約翰
贝里公爵约翰
兵力
3,200人[2] 140人[3]
伤亡与损失
60人死亡
200人被俘(包含平民)
300名平民被殺

利摩日圍城戰(英語:Siege of Limoges)是英法百年戰爭期間的一場戰役,發生在1370年9月。利摩日長期由英軍控制,但在1370年8月向法蘭西贝里公爵约翰開城投降。黑太子愛德華在9月的第二週率領英軍發動圍城。城鎮在9月19日的強攻中失守,造成城市嚴重毀損與大量平民死亡。這場掠奪摧毀了百年來聞名歐洲的利摩日瓷漆英语Limoges enamel工業。

攻城方

英格蘭─加斯科涅聯軍規模並不大,但由英王愛德華三世的三個兒子率領,分別是:威爾斯親王愛德華、蘭開斯特公爵岡特的約翰、劍橋伯爵蘭利的埃德蒙。愛德華當時患有疾病。跟隨他們的資深騎士有彭布羅克伯爵約翰·哈斯廷斯英语John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke、瓦爾特·赫威蒂爵士( Sir Walter Hewitt)、圭查德·丹格勒(Guichard d'Angle)以及布赫領主英语Captal de Buch[4]。軍隊人數不多,大約3200人,由約1000名披甲戰士、1000名弓箭手與1200名步兵組成[2]

守城方

圍城戰前夕,贝里公爵约翰帶領大多數軍隊離開利摩日,只留下140人駐守[3]。根據尚·傅華薩記載,利摩日主教讓·德·克侯(Jean de Cros)在利摩日向貝里公爵約翰投降時扮演重要角色[5]。約翰·維耶穆爵士、雨果·德·拉·羅歇與羅傑·包馮等人在城鎮中心頑強抵抗英軍,直到城市陷落後被捕[3]

掠奪與屠殺

傅華薩指控愛德華當時陷入一種「暴虐情緒」。他記載愛德華宣稱重奪利摩日並懲罰法軍是他唯一的目標,當城市淪陷後,三千市民不分男女老幼被屠殺,嚴重違背騎士精神,然而愛德華仍被「情緒與復仇心吞噬」。三位被俘的法蘭西騎士籲請岡特的約翰與劍橋伯爵「依照軍事法規」將他們以囚犯對待[6]

傅華薩的觀點有時被批評帶有法蘭西的偏見。傅華薩曾為英格蘭王室工作,為愛德華三世的王后埃努的菲莉琶服務,但當下是在法蘭西布魯瓦伯爵的雇傭之下寫作[7]

英國中世紀史家吉姆·布萊伯利英语Jim Bradbury並未駁斥傅華薩的說法,僅說明利摩日的暴行不是特殊的案例[8]理查德·威廉·巴柏英语Richard Barber在他的黑太子傳記中提到現代關於利摩日屠殺的記載只有300人傷亡,其他時代的紀錄則完全沒有提到市民死亡,只著重在財產損失[9]喬納森·薩姆欣英语Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption法官也記錄市民死傷是300人,大概是正常人口的1/6,外加60名守軍戰死[3]。一封由黑太子愛德華寄給富瓦伯爵英语Gaston III, Count of Foix的未拆封書信在近年被發現,裡面只提到200名俘虜,對平民傷亡隻字未提[10],更進一步使傅華薩的記錄受到質疑。

歷史作家西恩·麥格萊恩(Sean McGlynn)在他的中世紀暴行研究《By Sword and Fire》分析屠殺的相關證據,提出鮮少有像利摩日圍城一樣城市幾乎完全摧毀的案例。他發掘出愛德華的行動背後有著複雜的原因交織,包含想要懲罰城市背叛的念頭,對於其他領土紛紛落入法蘭西手中的沮喪,自身病情的影響,以及因為無能防守而打算將城市的財富一掃而空[11]

邁克爾·瓊斯(Michael Jones)在他的黑太子傳記附錄中檢視相關證據,他發現考古學與文獻記載指向嚴重的財物損失且市民受到傷害,但並未達到傅華薩所述的層級,他根據文獻資料得出傷亡和被俘的市民與守軍大約在200到400人之間。他認為傅華薩的資料應該因「誹謗」而將其忽視[12]

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Sumption, Jonathan. Divided Houses. The Hundred Years War III. London: Faber & Faber. 2009: 79–84. ISBN 9780571240128. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Barber, Richard. Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: a biography of the Black Prince. London: Allen Lane. 1978: 224. ISBN 0-7139-0861-0. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sumption (2009), p.83
  4. ^ Sumption (2009), p.81
  5. ^ Chronicle, Book I, chapter 288
  6. ^ Green, Leslie C. The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. Manchester University Press. 1993: 22. ISBN 0-7190-3540-6. 
  7. ^ Jones, Michael. The Black Prince. London: Head of Zeus. 2017: 371. ISBN 9781784972936. 
  8. ^ Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. 1992: 318. ISBN 0-85115-312-7. 
  9. ^ Barber (1978), pages=225-6
  10. ^ Was the Black Prince really a nasty piece of work?. BBC.co.uk. 2014-07-07 [2014-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-07). 
  11. ^ McGlynn, Sean. By Sword and Fire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2008: 179–185. ISBN 9780297846789. 
  12. ^ Jones (2017), pp 405-8

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