利奥·加巴拉斯

利奥·加巴拉斯(Λέων Γαβαλᾶς)
凯撒罗得岛的领主
割据约1203年(存疑)–1248年以前
繼任约翰·加巴拉斯英语John Gabalas

利奥·加巴拉斯希臘語Λέων Γαβαλᾶς)是一位拜占庭帝国贵族、割据者。第四次十字军进攻拜占庭帝国时(1203-1204年),他或他的亲属割据了罗得岛与附近的一些岛屿,成为一个实际上独立的统治者。1230年代历史记载表明,他实际保持独立,与尼西亚帝国及威尼斯人都发生过冲突,他的死期未知,但应该是在1248年以前,那时他的弟弟约翰·加巴拉斯英语John Gabalas已接替了他的位置,继续割据罗得岛。

生平

利奥·加巴拉斯出身一个古老的拜占庭贵族家族,其祖先可追溯至10世纪初,当时此家族的安娜·加巴拉嫁给了罗曼努斯一世皇帝的儿子、共治皇帝斯蒂芬英语Stephen Lekapenos[1]。加巴拉斯家族在此后的两个世纪中不算十分显贵,但也有许多成员出任拜占庭帝国的民事官员或担任教会职务[1]

利奥·加巴拉斯的早期生活没有记载,1232-1233年,他第一次明确地出现在历史记载中。他的头衔“凯撒”的来由以及在罗得岛建立统治的过程也不清楚。当时的记载可以证明,在第四次十字军东征时(1203-1204年),罗得岛就已脱离了中央政权的控制,由独立统治者控制。一般认为这个统治者就是利奥,但13世纪拜占庭作家尼基弗鲁斯·布莱姆米德斯英语Nikephoros Blemmydes宣称利奥的头衔和权力是继承得来的,这表明,在利奥之前有一位佚名的人物可能已经割据了罗得岛[2][3]。学者推测,利奥可能在某个时间承认了尼西亚帝国的宗主地位,从狄奥多尔一世(1205-1222年在位)或约翰三世(1221-1254年在位)皇帝手里得到了“凯撒”的头衔;如果他或他的亲戚确实已在1203年之前掌控了罗德岛的话,他的称号也可能是由安格洛斯王朝(1185-1204年)的皇帝授予的[2][3]

尼西亚帝国约翰三世

不管利奥与尼西亚帝国的关系到底如何,尼西亚史家乔治·阿克罗波利特斯英语George Akropolites的记载称,利奥坚持独立活动,激怒了约翰三世。1232-1233年,尼西亚皇帝派他的大统帅英语megas domestikos(megas domestikos)安德洛尼卡·巴列奥略英语Andronikos Palaiologos (megas domestikos)出征罗得岛,皇帝自己保持密切关注。尼基弗鲁斯·布莱姆米德斯同样也记载了这次进攻,他是这次战斗的亲历者,与尼西亚军队一起登上了罗得岛。尼西亚军队蹂躏了岛屿,但乔治·阿克罗波利特斯只是记载战斗以胜利告终,没有写出更多细节[4][5]。可确定的是,利奥在此战之后仍有效控制着罗得岛,在不久之后的1234年8月,他还与威尼斯共和国签订条约,自称“凯撒,罗得岛和基克拉泽斯群岛的领主”,条约中,他承认威尼斯总督为他的宗主,规定双方在一方领地被尼西亚帝国攻击时要给予帮助,他还承诺帮助镇压威尼斯殖民下的克里特岛英语Kingdom of Candia发生的任何叛乱[4][6]。然而在1235-1236年,利奥又参加了约翰三世进攻君士坦丁堡的战斗英语Siege of Constantinople (1235),记载显示,他甚至与威尼斯舰队进行过战斗[3][4]

利奥的死期未知。他应该死于1248年之前,那时他的弟弟约翰·加巴拉斯英语John Gabalas已经继位,继续统治罗得岛,他放弃了“凯撒”称号,只称“罗得岛领主”。就在1248年,罗得岛遭到了热那亚人的攻击,他只能向尼西亚帝国求援。热那亚人占领罗得岛两年,1250年被尼西亚军队赶走,此后罗得岛成为了尼西亚帝国的领土,加巴拉斯家族对岛屿的统治可能也在这个时候结束[2][3]

硬币

利奥和弟弟约翰发行了自己的铜币,其面额与价值不详。这些硬币上没有他们的肖像,只有铭文。利奥发行的钱币上正面有ΚΑΙϹΑΡ Ο ΓΑΒΑΛΑϹ(“凯撒”加巴拉斯)字样,背面有Ο ΔΟVΛΟC ΤΟV ΒΑCΙΛΕ[ΩC](巴西琉斯(皇帝)的仆人)字样[7]

脚注

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Cheynet 1996,第150–151頁
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hendy 1999,第648–649頁
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Macrides 2007,第188頁
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hendy 1999,第648頁
  5. ^ Macrides 2007,第185, 187–188頁
  6. ^ Setton 1976,第52 (Note #37)頁
  7. ^ Hendy 1999,第649–650頁

来源

延伸阅读

  • Savvides, Alexis. Ἡ Ῥóδoς καὶ ἡ Δυναστεία τῶν Γαβαλάδων τὴν Περίoδo 1204-1250 μ.Χ.. Δελτίoν τῆς Ἱστoρικῆς καὶ Ἐθνoγικῆς Ἐταιρείας τῆς Ἐλλάδoς. 1981, 24: 358–376 (希腊语). 


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