伊朗—烏克蘭關係

伊朗–烏克蘭關係
雙方在世界的位置

伊朗
烏克蘭

伊朗-乌克兰关系是指伊朗和乌克兰之间的双边关系。伊朗在基輔设有大使馆，乌克兰在德黑兰设有大使馆。乌克兰国际航空752号班机空难的發生以及2022年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭[1]期间伊朗向俄羅斯提供见证者-136无人机後兩國關係開始惡化[2][3]。

历史

1991年12月25日，伊朗正式承认乌克兰独立。1992年1月22日，乌克兰和伊朗建立外交关系。1992年1月，伊朗驻基輔大使馆开始运作，同年10月，乌克兰驻德黑兰大使馆开始运作[4]。

1992年4月25日至26日，应伊朗总统阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼邀请，烏克蘭總統列昂尼德·克拉夫丘克访问伊朗[5][6]。

伊朗在2022年俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭之前不支持俄羅斯聯邦併吞克里米亞，并认为克里米亚是乌克兰不可分割的一部分[7][8]。

2020年1月8日，伊朗军方意外击落烏克蘭的民航客機，引發乌克兰国际航空752号班机空难，两国关系開始紧张。 1月11日，烏克蘭總統弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基呼籲伊朗政府將犯人绳之以法，同時他還要求伊朗賠款[9][10]。2020年1月20日，伊朗总统特使、伊朗住房和城市发展部部長率领的伊朗代表团抵达基辅訪問，該部長会见了乌克兰外交部部長。双方谈到各方有必要对乌克兰国际航空752号班机空难进行全面客观的调查[11]。

俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭

主条目：2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰

2022年2月24日，俄罗斯入侵乌克兰。伊朗方面指责北大西洋公约组织和美国煽动战争，但伊朗政府呼吁交戰雙方通過政治辦法解决冲突。同時有许多伊朗人抗议俄罗斯入侵烏克蘭，并批评政府在衝突中偏袒俄羅斯。2月26日，伊朗保守派报纸Kayhan发表社论，表示數十年以來，美國一直坑害自己的盟友，並且一旦盟友陷入危機，美國就會無情拋棄[12][13]。2月27日，一群伊朗人聚集在乌克兰驻德黑兰大使馆外，抗议俄罗斯的入侵，他们在那里高呼“普京去死”。 伊朗前总统马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德和穆罕默德·哈塔米等伊朗政界人士谴责俄羅斯入侵并表示支持乌克兰[13][14][15]。

3月2日，伊朗在聯合國大會第ES-11/1號決議中投了弃权票。4月7日，伊朗在聯合國大會第ES-11/3號決議中投了反對票[16][17]。

7月，弗拉基米尔·普京访问德黑兰期间，伊朗表示坚定支持特別軍事行動，伊朗最高领袖阿里·哈梅內伊表示，如果俄罗斯没有對乌克兰展開特別軍事行動，那麼俄羅斯將會被北約偷襲[18]。不過伊朗方面表示不会在战争期间向俄罗斯或乌克兰提供武器[19]。但是9月起，俄羅斯多次對烏克蘭發動無人機襲擊，而俄羅斯派出的無人機被發現是由伊朗提供的见证者-136无人机[20]。

9月23日，由於乌克兰不滿伊朗向俄羅斯提供無人機，決定降低与伊朗的外交关系级别。烏克蘭方面不承認伊朗驻乌克兰大使的大使身份，并大幅减少伊朗驻基辅大使馆的外交人员数量[21][22][23]。乌克兰外交部长德米特罗·库列巴還向弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基建议烏克蘭應該與伊朗斷交[24]。

2023年5月29日，由於伊朗向俄羅斯提供無人機，烏克蘭最高拉達宣佈對伊朗實施制裁。烏克蘭將禁止向伊朗出口军用和民用产品，伊朗的货物和飞机也無法過境乌克兰[25]。

参考文献

  1. ^ Ukraine to reduce Iran embassy presence over Russia drone attacks. Al Jazeera. [2024-09-25] （英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ Embassy of Iran in Kiev, Ukraine. www.embassypages.com. [2020-01-09]. 
  3. ^ Embassy of Ukraine in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine). [2020-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）. 
  4. ^ Протокол про встановлення дипломатичних відносин між Україною та Ісламською Республікою Іран. zakon.rada.gov.ua. 1992-01-22 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）. 
  5. ^ Договірно-правова база між Україною та Іраном. zakon.rada.gov.ua. 1992-04-26 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）. 
  6. ^ Декларація про принципи дружнього співробітництва між Україною та Ісламською Республікою Іран. iran.old.mfa.gov.ua. [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）. 
  7. ^ Іран не визнає анексію Криму - посол. ukrinform.ua. 2018-02-20 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）. 
  8. ^ Сергей Бурдыляк: "лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать. Приезжайте в Иран!". parstoday.com. 2017-02-22 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-27）. 
  9. ^ Kayali, Laura. Iran admits to shooting down Ukrainian plane in 'error'. POLITICO. 2020-01-11 [2020-02-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-11）. 
  10. ^ Olito, Frank. Ukraine's president wants a 'full admission of guilt' and compensation from Iran after it shot down a commercial plane. INSIDER. 2020-01-11 [2022-07-22]. 
  11. ^ President of Ukraine to the Special Representative of Iran on the investigation into the UIA plane crash: We must ensure justice. president.gov.ua. 2020-01-20 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-25）. 
  12. ^ Iranians defy Tehran-Moscow strategic alliance in solidarity with Ukraine. Israel Hayom. 2022-03-27 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-22）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Debate Over Ukraine Invasion Intensifies In Iran. Iran International. 2022-03-26 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-29）. 
  14. ^ Vivarelli, Nick. Iranian Film Community Reacts With Outrage to Russian Invasion of Ukraine (EXCLUSIVE). Variety. 2022-03-11 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-22）. 
  15. ^ Harounoff, Jonathan. Tehran Supports Putin, but Some Iranians Admire Ukraine's Resistance. Haaretz. 2022-03-14 [2022-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-02）. 
  16. ^ UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council. news.un.org. 2022-04-07 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-07）. 
  17. ^ Iran Abstains On UN Resolution Deploring Russian Invasion. iranintl.com. 2022-03-02 [2022-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-18）. 
  18. ^ Putin, in Tehran, gets strong support from Iran over Ukraine: Ali Khamenei said that if Russia hadn’t sent troops into Ukraine, it would have faced an attack from NATO later.. 政客 (媒体). 2022-07-07 [2022-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-21） （美国英语）. 
  19. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. Iran tries to downplay potential drone transfers to Russia - analysis. 耶路撒冷邮报. 2022-07-16 [2022-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05） （美国英语）. 
  20. ^ Gambrell, Jon. Ukraine’s military claims downing Iran drone used by Russia. 美联社. 2022-09-14 [2022-09-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-28）. 
  21. ^ Ukraine Strips Iranian Ambassador Of Accreditation After Accusing Tehran Of Supplying Drones To Russia. 自由欧洲电台／自由电台. 2022-09-23 [2022-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-19）. 
  22. ^ 乌克兰不满伊朗向俄提供无人机 降低与伊外交关系级别 _《参考消息》官方网站. www.cankaoxiaoxi.com. [2023-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-24）. 
  23. ^ Ukraine to reduce Iran embassy presence over Russia drone attacks. Al Jazeera. 2022-09-24 [2023-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-17）. 
  24. ^ Ukraine foreign minister proposes cutting ties with Iran. www.aljazeera.com. [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05） （英语）. 
  25. ^ Ukraine’s parliament approves sanctions against Russia ally Iran. Aljazeera. 2023-05-29 [2023-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-18）. 

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