三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂

美耐皿樹脂的理想化學結構
美耐皿製的盤子

三聚氰胺树脂(英語:Melamine resin),是一種合成樹脂,為熱固性聚合物,為使用三聚氰胺Melamine,又稱蜜胺[1]或密胺[2])與甲醛聚合所製成,與以尿素與甲醛製成的「尿素甲醛樹脂」不同。

三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)在中华人民共和国的塑料代号中为♺40号。[3]

將此樹脂原料(粉狀或固狀)預熱稍微硬化後,置於模具中,以高溫、高壓處理成型,加熱後能硬化、造成交联,从而塑形。[4]而且具不錯的耐熱性[5][6][7]、抗腐蝕性與絕緣性,所以常被用來壓模製作廚具、餐具、科技泡棉[8][9]等等,是用途非常廣泛的塑膠材料之一。[10]

美耐皿的热聚合反应

名稱

三聚氰胺树脂全称为三聚氰胺甲醛樹脂melamine-formaldehyde resin),又稱「密胺樹脂」,另外還有「聚脲樹脂」、「密胺」等種種稱呼[11]。用于器皿时有额外的称呼,见下文。

用途

建材、家具

三聚氰胺-甲醛樹脂最主要的用途是制作各种高压力层压建材,包括Formica英语Formica (plastic)Arborite英语Arborite和各种人造板层压地板英语laminate flooring. 三聚氰胺树脂制成的仿瓷砖墙也可以用作白板[12]相比尿素-甲醛樹脂,三聚氰胺树脂中的甲醛反应更完全,因此不易释放。

自行组装家具和厨房碗柜中会使用一些有花样的板材,是通过将印有花样的纸在高压下和塑合板用三聚氰胺树脂胶合而成。这类板材有多种花样、尺寸、厚度可选,一般密度较重,使用一般锯床裁剪时容易翘边。[13]

器皿

美耐皿製的碗盤
美耐皿製的勺子

三聚氰胺树脂可做出外观类似瓷器的器皿,故也称美耐皿(音意译)、科學瓷等。此材料做出的器皿质轻、耐冲击,但不耐摩擦、染色,并且因为相对介电常数较高,一般不适合用于微波炉中。[14]

三聚氰胺树脂餐具最早是在1950年代推出,由于A. H. Woodfull英语A. H. Woodfull和英国工业塑料公司的精美设计一举成名,几乎有超越瓷器的趋势。1960年代后因为前述的缺点逐渐没落,现在只有西方的户外和护理行业由于轻便耐用仍然在使用。[15]

安全性與毒性

三聚氰胺树脂餐具盛放热食时,可能会稍有析出三聚氰胺,但含量属安全范围内:湯麵的溫度變化,一碗麵湯約700毫升左右,前15分鐘的溫度平均70度,15分鐘後降為55度。若以材質較差、價格只有20到30元新臺幣的非100%美耐皿碗(添加尿素甲醛樹脂之製品),若在同樣溫度條件下,約會釋出0.75mg的三聚氰胺。但以美國FDA的規定,每天每人允許攝取的最大值每日耐受量,TDI)為每公斤體重0.063毫克計算,60公斤體重的人每天允許攝取3.78毫克的三聚氰胺。[16]每天約可吃五碗700毫升的湯麵以上,才會超過。[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Mr. Clean牌“魔力橡皮擦”(白色部分为三聚氰胺泡沫)

三聚氰胺树脂可以通过发泡,得到白色的泡沫塑料。这样的泡沫材料宏观上摸起来较柔软,但实际上内壁是由硬质的三聚氰胺树脂形成,因此可以作为清洁用的磨料,一般称“魔力清洁橡皮擦”“科技海绵”“科技泡棉”。[8][9][24]

参见

參考來源

  1. ^ 以蜜胺實施固體滲氮的可行性研究 (PDF). 台灣金屬熱處理學會. [2014-03-21]. (原始内容 (pdf)存档于2014-03-21). 為了瞭解蜜胺的熱性質及以其做為鋼料的固體滲氮劑. 之可行性,將蜜胺粉末以熱重分析儀、質譜儀、熱示差掃瞄. 卡量計進行熱分析,並將鋼料試片埋在蜜胺的粉末中 ... 
  2. ^ 密胺餐具安全解读页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - 人民日报 - 人民网
  3. ^ GB/T 16288-2008 塑料制品的标志在线预览. down.foodmate.net. [2024-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-16). 
  4. ^ David R. Bauer "Melamine/formaldehyde crosslinkers: characterization, network formation and crosslink degradation" Progress in Organic Coatings 1986, Volume 14, pp. 193–218. doi:10.1016/0033-0655(86)80001-2
  5. ^ 王鴻國. 新北驗美耐皿 三聚氰胺超標. 新北市: 中央通訊社. 2014年2月10日 [2014-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-21). 
  6. ^ 衛生企劃科. 新北市政府衛生局抽驗「美耐皿容器」檢出三聚氰胺超標. 新北市: 新北市政府衛生局. 2014年2月10日 [2014年5月16日]. (原始内容存档于2014年5月17日). 
  7. ^ 選用美耐皿餐具要注意!以免三聚氰胺跟著下肚引發腎病變!!. iCare愛健康 (新北市: PChome). 2014年2月10日 [2014年5月16日]. (原始内容存档于2014年5月17日). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 科技泡棉加水與洗劑釋毒需要免费注册. 中華電視公司. [20191226]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 科技泡棉誤用需要免费注册. 中華電視公司. [20191226]. 
  10. ^ 美耐皿餐具有毒?! 衛生署將訂標納管页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),NOWnews今日新聞網,記者李鴻典/綜合報導,2011年10月2日
  11. ^ [資訊] 美耐皿餐器具的使用安全:三聚氰胺及甲醛的釋出. nehrc.nhri.org.tw. [2021-08-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-03). 
  12. ^ H. Deim; G. Matthias; R. A. Wagner. Amino Resins. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2012. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_115.pub2. 
  13. ^ Melamine. Pro Woodworking Tips.com. [2008-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-05). 
  14. ^ Anne Field. Melamine Plastic. Home Maintenance and Repair. [[密西根州立大學|]]. 2003-06-24 [2016-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-27). 
  15. ^ The Rise and Fall of Melamine Tableware. Plastiquarian (Plastics Historical Society). Summer 2004, (32): 10 [2008-12-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-25). 
  16. ^ Interim Melamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment. 2007-05-25 [2008-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-16). us fda页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  17. ^ 使用美耐皿餐具要小心页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),林杰樑教授,林口長庚腎臟科及臨床毒物科,綠十字健康網
  18. ^ 美耐皿加熱溶出三聚氰胺页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),徐毓莉、許佳惠╱台北報導,蘋果日報,2009年06月02日,美耐皿食器抽檢,100%溶出三聚氰胺页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - 中華民國消費者文教基金會
  19. ^ pdf,美耐皿餐具之三聚氰胺溶出情形探討页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),食品藥物研究年報,2010
  20. ^ 30件美耐皿容器抽查 逾九成不合格,NOWnews今日新聞網,2012年9月20日,記者彭韋澐/綜合報導
  21. ^ 研究:用美耐皿裝熱食尿液立即驗出三聚氰胺页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),美耐皿页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),台灣環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心,2013年2月5日
  22. ^ 美耐皿釋三聚氰胺 長期傷腎页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),潘潔瑩、張國聖,高雄市,2014-10-24,華視[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  23. ^ 美耐皿裝湯 逾30℃傷腎 - 大學生用後 體內三聚氰胺飆4倍页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),吳慧芬、涂建豐、邱俊吉,高雄市,2014-10-24,台灣蘋果日報[2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),[3]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  24. ^ US 20060005338,Gary Ashe, Alan Goldstein,「Cleaning Implement Comprising A Layer Of Melamine Foam」,发表于12 January 2006,指定于Procter and Gamble Co. 

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