Sıcak nokta

Sıcak nokta (İngilizce: Hotspot), yerkabuğu altında yer alan manto sorgucu üstünde gelişen bir jeolojik oluşumdur. Sıcak nokta, yerkabuğunda magmanın çevresindeki magmadan daha sıcak olduğu yerlerde gözlenir ve kökeni henüz tam olarak bilimsel bir bağlamda açıklanamamıştır.[1]

Oluşum

Dünya üzerinde volkanik etkinlikler büyük çoğunlukla levha sınırlarında (yakınsak veya ıraksak) oluşurken; az sayıda bazı volkanik alanlar bu sistemle açıklanamamaktadır.[2] İlk olarak 1963'te yerbilimci Tuzo Wilson tarafından Hawaii volkan zincirinin açıklamasında hotspot kavramı kullanıldı. Tuzo'ya göre Pasifik levhası ortasında en yakın levha sınırına binlerce km uzakta olan Hawaii, Pasifik levhası sıcak bir nokta üzerinde ilerlerken oluşmuştu.[3]

Tuzo'nun sıcak nokta hipotezinin gösterimi

1971 yılına gelindiğinde J. Morgan, manto sorgucu hipotezini ortaya attı. Çekirdek-manto sınırından yükselen baca benzeri sorguçlarla üst mantodaki sıcak noktalar beslenmektedir ve volkanik etkinlik oluşmaktadır.[3]

En ünlü sıcak noktalardan ikisi Hawaii ve İzlanda'daki volkanik alanlardır. Oluşumları farklıdır durumdadır ve haklarında pek çok inceleme yapılmıştır. Pasifik levhası ortasında yer alan Hawaii adaları zamanla ilerleyen şekilde sırayla oluşmuştur. Pasifik levhası, sıcak nokta üzerinden ilerledikçe yeni bir volkanik adacık oluşur ve bu göreli hareket kuzeybatıya doğrudur. En geç adalarda volkanik etkinlik gözlenirken, geride kalan yaşlı adalar pasif durumdadır.[2]

Hawaii takım adaları kalkan volkan tipindedirler ve akışkanlığı yüksek bazaltik magmadan oluşmuşlardır, bu bazalt lavları hızlıca yayıldıklarından geniş açılı ve yayılmış kalkan şeklinde adalar oluşturur.[2][4]

Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park'taki bazaltik lav akıntısı

İzlanda'daki volkanik oluşum ise Hawaii'deki sıcak nokta sisteminden daha farklıdır, İzlanda temel olarak Atlantik Ortası Sırtı üzerindedir ve buradaki manto'da sıcak noktalarda sıcaklık tipik okyanus ortası sırtlarındaki manto sıcaklığından 50-100 °C daha sıcaktır.[2]

Magma bileşimi

Sıcak noktalar okyanusal veya kıtasal kabukta oluşmaları üzerinden farklı kimyasal bileşimde magmalar üretirler. Hawaii sıcak noktaları silikat oranı düşük bazaltik magmalar oluştururken, Kuzey Amerika'nın kıtasal sıcak noktası Yellowstone sıcak noktası riyolit ve bazaltik magma üretir. Yükselen manto içeriği, kıtasal kabuk boyunca yükselir ve silikat oranı daha yüksek riyoliti oluşturur. Bu riyolit lavı daha vizkozdur (akışa dirençli) ve bu nedenle püskürmeler ve patlamalar yaşanır.[5]

Sıcak nokta listesi

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Editors, Editors. "Hotspots". Nat Geo. www.nationalgeographic.com. 31 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 31 Temmuz 2022. 
  2. ^ a b c d Foulger, Gillian R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. West Sussex: WILEY-BLACKWELL. ISBN 978-1-4443-3679-5. 
  3. ^ a b Wright, Laura. "Earth's interior Raising hot spots". Geotimes. 11 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 31 Temmuz 2022. 
  4. ^ Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". University of Hawai'i at Manoa. 16 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 31 Temmuz 2022. 
  5. ^ Editors, Editors. "Yellowstone's shadow". www.usgs.com. 18 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 31 Temmuz 2022. 

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