Irk ve sağlık

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Sağlık ve İnsan Hizmetleri Bakanlığı'nın Başkanın Irk Girişimi'ne Yanıtı.
Sağlıkta Irksal ve Etnik Eşitsizlikler. (Ekim 1998)

Irk ve sağlık, belirli bir ırkla özdeşleşmenin sağlığı nasıl etkilediğini ifade eder. Irk, kronolojik çağlar boyunca değişen ve hem kendini tanımlamaya hem de sosyal tanınmaya bağlı olan karmaşık bir kavramdır.[1] Irk ve sağlık çalışmalarında bilim insanları fenotip, soy, sosyal kimlik, genetik yapı ve yaşanmış deneyim gibi farklı faktörlere bağlı olarak ırk kategorilerinde düzenler. Sağlık araştırmalarında "ırk" ve etnik köken çoğu zaman ayrım yapılmadan kalır.[2][3]

Farklı ırk ve etnik gruplarda sağlık durumu, sağlık sonuçları, yaşam beklentisi ve diğer birçok sağlık göstergesindeki farklılıklar iyi bir şekilde belgelenmiştir.[4] Epidemiyolojik veriler, ırksal grupların hastalıklardan, hastalık ve ölüm oranı açısından eşit olmayan şekilde etkilendiğini göstermektedir.[5] Belirli ırk gruplarındaki bazı bireyler daha az bakım görüyor, kaynaklara daha az erişime sahip ve genel olarak daha kısa yaşam sürüyor.[6] Genel olarak, ırksal sağlık eşitsizliklerinin, örtülü stereotipler ve sosyoekonomik statüdeki ortalama farklılıklar gibi ırkla ilişkili sosyal dezavantajlardan kaynaklandığı görülmektedir.[7][8][9]

Sağlık eşitsizlikleri, "sosyal açıdan dezavantajlı grupların yaşadığı hastalık, yaralanma, şiddet veya optimal sağlığa ulaşma fırsatlarının yükündeki önlenebilir farklılıklar" olarak tanımlanmaktadır.[10] ABD Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezlerine göre bunlar özünde "sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve çevresel kaynakların tarihsel ve mevcut eşitsiz dağılımıyla" ilgilidir.[10][11]

Irk ve sağlık arasındaki ilişki, ırkçılığın sağlık eşitsizliklerini nasıl etkilediğine ve çevresel ve fizyolojik faktörlerin birbirlerine ve genetiğe nasıl tepki verdiğine giderek daha fazla odaklanılarak, çok disiplinli bir bakış açısıyla incelenmiştir.[7][8]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Liebler CA, Porter SR, Fernandez LE, Noon JM, Ennis SR (February 2017). "America's Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census". Demography. 54 (1): 259-284. doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0544-0. PMC 5514561 $2. PMID 28105578. 
  2. ^ Attina TM, Malits J, Naidu M, Trasande L (December 2018). "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Disease Burden and Costs Related to Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the US: an Exploratory Analysis". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 108: 34-43. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.11.024. PMC 6455970 $2. PMID 30529005. 
  3. ^ Walker RJ, Strom Williams J, Egede LE (April 2016). "Influence of Race, Ethnicity and Social Determinants of Health on Diabetes Outcomes". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 351 (4): 366-73. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.008. PMC 4834895 $2. PMID 27079342. 
  4. ^ Goodman, Alan H; Moses, Yolanda T; Jones, Joseph L (2012). Race : are we so different?. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118233177. OCLC 822025003. 
  5. ^ Rogers RG, Lawrence EM, Hummer RA, Tilstra AM (3 Temmuz 2017). "Racial/Ethnic Differences in Early-Life Mortality in the United States". Biodemography and Social Biology. 63 (3): 189-205. doi:10.1080/19485565.2017.1281100. PMC 5729754 $2. PMID 29035105. 
  6. ^ Spalter-Roth RM, Lowenthal TA, Rubio M (July 2005). "Race, Ethnicity, and the Health of Americans" (PDF). American Sociological Association. 23 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 7 Ocak 2024. 
  7. ^ a b Williams DR (July 1997). "Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions". Annals of Epidemiology. 7 (5): 322-33. doi:10.1016/S1047-2797(97)00051-3. PMID 9250627. 
  8. ^ a b Penner LA, Hagiwara N, Eggly S, Gaertner SL, Albrecht TL, Dovidio JF (December 2013). "Racial Healthcare Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis". European Review of Social Psychology. 24 (1): 70-122. doi:10.1080/10463283.2013.840973. PMC 4151477 $2. PMID 25197206. 
  9. ^ Hofrichter R, (Ed.) (2003). Health and Social Justice: Politics, Ideology, and Inequity in the Distribution of Disease. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ss. 105-106. ISBN 978-0787967338. 
  10. ^ a b "Disparities | Adolescent and School Health". U.S. Centers for Disease Control. 17 Ağustos 2018. 5 Aralık 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2018. 
  11. ^ World Health Organization. The determinants of health 14 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011 (which are inter-related with all three, but mostly social factors).
Taslak madde  Bu madde bir taslaktır. Bu maddeyi geliştirerek veya özelleştirilmiş taslak şablonlarından birini koyarak Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.

Read other articles:

Irving Bacon

Irving BaconBacon dalam The Bashful Bachelor, 1942LahirIrving Von Peters(1893-09-06)6 September 1893Saint Joseph, Missouri, Amerika SerikatMeninggal5 Februari 1965(1965-02-05) (umur 71)Hollywood, California, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1920–1960Suami/istriFreda Lee Scofield ​ ​(m. 1921; wafat 1928)​ Margaret (Peggy) Beaver ​ ​(m. 1930; bercerai 1934)​ Bernice Peters ̴...

 

العلاقات الآيسلندية الوسط إفريقية

العلاقات الآيسلندية الوسط أفريقية آيسلندا جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى   آيسلندا   جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الآيسلندية الوسط أفريقية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين آيسلندا وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى.[1][2][3][4][5] مقا...

 

Sergi Escobar

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste catalan. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Escobar. Escobar i Roure est un nom catalan. Le premier nom de famille, paternel, est Escobar ; le second, maternel, souvent omis, est Roure ; les deux sont fréquemment liés par la conjonction « i ». Sergi EscobarInformationsNais...

Ubiratan Pereira Maciel

Brazilian basketball player Ubiratan Pereira MacielMaciel, as a member of Trianon Clube, in 1972.Personal informationBorn(1944-01-18)January 18, 1944São Paulo, BrazilDiedJuly 17, 2002(2002-07-17) (aged 58)Brasilia, BrazilNationalityBrazilianListed height6 ft 6.5 in (1.99 m)Listed weight212 lb (96 kg)Career informationPlaying career1960–1982PositionPower forward / centerNumber6Career history1960–1961Clube Espéria1961–1969Corinthians1969–1972Venezia1972Tr...

 

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

Mutant Enemy Productions

Television production company Mutant Enemy ProductionsCompany typePrivately heldIndustryFilm industryGenreProduction companyFoundedLos Angeles, California U.S. (1996; 28 years ago (1996))FounderJoss WhedonHeadquartersLos Angeles, California, U.S.Key peopleJoss WhedonProductsFilmsTelevision seriesWeb series Mutant Enemy Productions is a production company that was created in 1996[1] by Joss Whedon to produce Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The company also produced the Buff...

HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45)

HMAS Jervis Bay pada 2000 HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45) adalah sebuah kapal perang yang dioperasikan dalam Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Australia. Dibangun oleh Incat di Tasmania dan diluncurkan pada 1997 dengan nama Incat 045, kapal tersebut dicarter ke TT-Line dengan nama Tascat Referensi Frame, Tom (2004). No Pleasure Cruise: the story of the Royal Australian Navy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-233-4. OCLC 55980812.  Hasik, James (2008). Arms and Innovation: Entrepre...

 

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

 

Yarmouk University

Public university in Irbid, Jordan This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Yarmouk University – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Januar...

Angakauitai

AngakauitaiPulau AngakauitaiAngakauitaiGeografiLokasiSamudera PasifikKoordinat23°9′55″S 135°2′6″W / 23.16528°S 135.03500°W / -23.16528; -135.03500Koordinat: 23°9′55″S 135°2′6″W / 23.16528°S 135.03500°W / -23.16528; -135.03500KepulauanTuamotuLuas0.7 km2Titik tertinggi(tanpa nama) (139 m)PemerintahanNegara PrancisKolektivitas Polinesia PrancisAdministrative subdivisionTuamotuKomuneKepulauan Gam...

 

Chamberlain war ministry

Government of the United Kingdom September 1939 – May 1940 Fifth National Government redirects here. For the New Zealand government, see Fifth National Government of New Zealand. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chamberlain war ministry – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January ...

 

Samuel Nicholson

Officer in the Continental Navy For other people named Samuel Nicholson, see Samuel Nicholson (disambiguation). Samuel NicholsonBorn1743Chestertown, MarylandDiedDecember 28, 1811 (aged 68)Charlestown, MassachusettsNationalityAmericanOccupationNaval officerKnown formilitary service in the American Revolutionary War, also as overseer of construction of USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) and as that ship's first commander Samuel Nicholson (1743 – December 28, 1811) was an officer i...

Vincent Aderente

American painter Vincent Aderente (February 20, 1880 Naples, Italy - 1941 Bayside, Queens) was an Italian American muralist. He studied at the Art Students League, and worked on the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel Ballroom. He was an assistant to Edwin Blashfield.[1] His work is at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the Denver Mint, the Detroit Public Library, the House Chamber in the Utah State Capitol Building, the United States Post Office (Flushing, Queens), the Queens County Court House, Kings Count...

 

Vactrain

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Vactrain – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Train inside a vacuum tube A vactrain (or vacuum tube train) is a proposed design for very-high-speed rail transportation. It is a maglev (magnetic ...

 

تقييم حسن النية

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) تقييم حسن النية في الاقتصاد (بالإنجليزية: Good Faith Estimate GFE) في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية يعطي المصرف أو الم�...

Hawker Siddeley

1934–1977 aircraft manufacturer in the United Kingdom Hawker Siddeley Group LimitedCompany typePublicIndustryAerospace, EngineeringPredecessorHawker AircraftFounded1934; 90 years ago (1934) (as Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Co.)FoundersJ. D. Siddeley (Co-founder)Thomas Sopwith (Co-founder, Chairman & Life President)Defunct29 April 1977; 47 years ago (1977-04-29) (aircraft production)1992; 32 years ago (1992) (whole company)FateA...

 

The Impending Crisis of the South

1857 book by Hinton Rowan Helper The Impending Crisis of the South:How to Meet It Title page for The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1860 edition)AuthorHinton Rowan HelperPublisherBurdick BrothersPublication date1857OCLC226488928Websitehttps://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36055 The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It is an 1857 book by Hinton Rowan Helper, who declares himself a proud Southerner.[1]: vi  It was written mostly in Baltimore, but it w...

 

鬼丸義斎

鬼丸義斎 この記事には参考文献や外部リンクの一覧が含まれていますが、脚注によって参照されておらず、情報源が不明瞭です。 脚注を導入して、記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（2022年12月） 鬼丸 義斎（鬼丸 義齋、おにまる ぎさい、1886年〈明治19年〉9月5日[1][2] – 1954年〈昭和29年〉11月13日）は、日本の政治家、衆議院議員（1期）、参議院議員（1...

Texture mapping

Method of defining surface detail on a computer-generated graphic or 3D model Mapping a two-dimensional texture onto a 3D model 1: 3D model without textures2: Same model with textures Texture mapping[1][2][3] is a method for mapping a texture on a computer-generated graphic. Texture in this context can be high frequency detail, surface texture, or color. History The original technique was pioneered by Edwin Catmull in 1974 as part of his doctoral thesis.[4] Tex...

 

Circumference

Perimeter of a circle or ellipse For the circumference of a graph, see Circumference (graph theory).   circumference C   diameter D   radius R   center or origin O Circumference = π × diameter = 2π × radius. GeometryProjecting a sphere to a plane OutlineHistory (Timeline) Branches Euclidean Non-Euclidean Elliptic Spherical Hyperbolic Non-Archimedean geometry Projective Affine Synthetic Analytic Algebraic Arithmetic Diophantine Differential Riemannia...