Crack (uyuşturucu)

2-gram Crack Kokain

Kokainin sigara gibi içilebilir küçük parçalar halindeki formuna verilen addır. Crack kokain HCl’nin (hidroklorür) amonyak, sodyum bikarbonat (pişirme sodası) ve suyla karıştırılması, ısıtılarak kokain alkoloidin baz karışımın tuzunun (hidrokloroid) ortaya çıkarılması sonucunda elde edilir.[1]

Tarihi

Crack kokainin ilk kullanımı 1980'lerin başında ABD'de ortaya çıktı. O zamanlar, crack kokain, diğer uyuşturucu maddelere göre daha ucuz ve erişilebilir olması nedeniyle hızla popülerlik kazandı. Bu, crack kokain kullanımındaki artışa ve bununla ilişkili şiddet ve suç artışına yol açtı. Crack tanımı, karışımın yakılarak içildiğinde çıkan kırılma seslerinden ortaya çıkmıştır. Crack yakılarak içilir. Tütün ve nargileyle kullanılır. Kullanıcılar ve satıcılar arasında "taş" ismiyle bilinir. Burun yolu ile alındığında, 10 saniyeden daha az bir sürede beyine ulaşır. Bu madde etkisi açısından kokainden en az 10 kat daha hızlı ve ölümcüldür.[1]

Üretim

Crack kokain, kokain HCl'den aşağıdaki adımlarla üretilir:

  1. Kokain HCl, amonyak ve sodyum bikarbonatla karıştırılır.
  2. Karışım, ısıtılarak kokain alkoloidinin baz haline gelmesi sağlanır.
  3. Baz karışım, soğutularak katılaştırılır.[2]

Genel Risk Haritası ve Etkileri

Sürekli kullanıldığında zihin açıklığı, uykusuzluk, sinir bozuklukları, çok ciddi paranoya, şizofreni, cinayet teşebbüsü ve intihara kadar götüren anksiyete yapabilir. Kullanıcı çok hareketli, aktif, sinirli ve kızgın olur. Boğuk seslilik, bronşit ve diğer solunum problemlerine yol açar. İştahsızlık sonucu kilo kaybına neden olur. Beyinin biyokimyasal yapısını bozar ve bütün uyuşturucu maddelerden daha çabuk bağımlılık meydana getirir.[3]

Kullanım

Crack kokain, bir tütün veya nargile tütün tabakası üzerine yerleştirilerek yakılarak içilir. Crack kokain, kokainden daha hızlı ve güçlü bir etki yaratır. Bu, crack kokainin daha bağımlılık yapıcı olmasının bir nedenidir.[4]

Etkileri

Crack kokainin etkileri, kokainden farklı değildir. Crack kokain, aşağıdaki etkileri yaratır:

Crack kokainin etkileri, kokainden daha kısa sürer. Crack kokainin etkileri genellikle 10-15 dakika içinde başlar ve 30-60 dakika içinde kaybolur.

PET görüntüleri, uyuşturucuya tekrar tekrar maruz kalmanın, kişinin zevk ve ödül deneyimleme yeteneği için kritik olan beyindeki dopamin reseptörlerini tükettiğini gösteriyor.

Bağımlılık

Crack kokain, diğer uyuşturucu maddelerden daha çabuk bağımlılık yapan bir maddedir. Crack kokain bağımlılığı, aşağıdaki belirtilerle kendini gösterir:

  • Maddeyi tekrar tekrar kullanma dürtüsü
  • Maddeyi kullanmayı bırakmaya veya azaltmaya çalışmakta zorluk
  • Madde kullanımının kişinin sosyal, iş veya kişisel yaşamını etkilemesi[5]

Riskler

Crack kokain kullanımı, aşağıdaki risklerle ilişkilidir:

Tedavi

Crack kokain bağımlılığı, karmaşık bir tedavi gerektiren bir durumdur. Crack kokain bağımlılığı tedavisinde, aşağıdaki yöntemler kullanılabilir:

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b "Crack and Cocaine". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2003. 18 Ocak 2024 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ocak 2024. 
  2. ^ Caudill, Barry D.; Koman, Joseph J.; Hoffman, Jeffrey A. (1 Temmuz 1994). "Cocaine expectancies: Client retention and participation in crack abuse treatment". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 48 (3): 837. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90409-x. ISSN 0091-3057. 
  3. ^ Dupont, Judith (2003). "Crack Cocaine: A Comprehensive Handbook". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 63 (3): 203-206. doi:10.1023/a:1025458619353. ISSN 0002-9548. 
  4. ^ Thadani, Pushpa V. (1 Ekim 1996). "NIDA Conference Report on Cardiopulmonary Complications of "Crack" Cocaine Use". Chest. 110 (4): 1072-1076. doi:10.1378/chest.110.4.1072. ISSN 0012-3692. 
  5. ^ "Smoked cocaine vs. non-smoked cocaine admissions: 2002". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2005. 18 Ocak 2024 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ocak 2024. 
  6. ^ Morris, Kelly (1 Ekim 1998). "Seeking ways to crack cocaine addiction". The Lancet. 352 (9136): 1290. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70504-3. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  7. ^ Downes, Kevin; Weiss, Scott; Klieger, Sarah B.; Fitzgerald, Julie; Balamuth, Fran; Kubis, Sherri; Tolomeo, Pam; Bilker, Warren; Han, Xiaoyan; Nachamkin, Irving; Garrigan, Charles (2015). "Developing a Biomarker-Driven Algorithm to Improve Antibiotic Use in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: The Optimizing Antibiotic Strategies in Sepsis (OASIS) Study". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2 (suppl_1). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv131.117. ISSN 2328-8957. 

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