De minimis

Walang kinikilalang kalayaan sa panorama ang bansang Saudi Arabia, kaya maituturing na paglabag sa karapatang-sipi ng mga arkitekto ang komersiyal na pagsisipi ng anumang anyo ng kahit anong mga gusaling makabago sa kahit anong lungsod nila (Riyadh sa larawan na ito). Ngunit maaaring pahintulutan ang panorama o malawak na tanawin ng isang lungsod ng Saudi Arabia na hindi nakatuon sa anumang gusali, sa ilalim ng prinsipyong de minimis.

Ang de minimis ay salitang Latin na nagngangahulugang "tumutukoy sa pinakamaliit na mga bagay", karaniwang makikita sa mga salitang de minimis non curat praetor ("Hindi ginugugol ng mahistrado ang kaniyang sarili sa mga bagay na walang kabuluhan") o de minimis non curat lex ("Hindi ginugugol ng batas ang sarili nito sa mga bagay na walang kabuluhan"), isang paniniwalang ligal na kung saang hindi isinasaalang-alang ng isang hukuman ang maliit na mga bagay.[1][2] Pumanig si Cristina, Reyna ng Suwesya (namuno 1633–1654), sa isang kawangis na kasabihang Latin na aquila non capit muscās (hindi hinuhuli ng agila ang mga langaw).[3]

Nagsimula ang ligal na kasaysayan ng de minimis sa ika-15 dantaon.[4]

Nagkaroon ng samo't-saring mga kahulugang espesyalisado sa samo't-saring mga konteksto ang pangkalahatang salitang ito. Nagpapahiwatig ito na sa ilalim ng isang tiyak na mababang lebel, ituturing na hindi gaanong mahalaga ang isang kantidad at tinatrato ayon sa iisang pamatayan o proporsyon.

Mga halimbawa ng paglalapat ng prinsipyong de minimis

Karapatang-sipi

Maaring protektado ng karapatang-sipi ang anunsiyong pampelikula na ito at maaring mangatuwiran ang mahigpit na pagkakaunawa ng karapatang-sipi na masyadong nakatuon ang retrato sa anunsiyo, kaya sinala ito sa retratong ito.

Paminsan-minsan, hindi paiiralin ng mga hukuman ang karapatang-sipi sa binagong-anyo na pampublikong dominyong materyal kapag maituturing na de minimis ang mga pagbabago.[5] Sa katulad na paraan, ibinasura ng mga hukuman ang mga kasong hinggil sa paglabag sa karapatang-sipi sa dahilang maliit na halaga lamang ang paggamit ng umano'y lumabag sa karapatang-sipi ng isang likhang protektado ng karapatang-sipi kaya maituturing itong de minimis, tulad ng pagsasampol ng musika. Halimbawa, de minimis lamang at hindi lumalabag sa karapatang-sipi ang pagsali sa mga larong bidyo ng NBA 2K ng mga tatuwahe ni LeBron James na protektado ng karapatang-sipi sa rekreasyon ng mga pagkakawangis ng mga manlalaro.[6] Subalit sa Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films, binaligtad ang gayong pasya sa pag-apela; tuwirang hindi kinalala ng hukuman ng apelasyon ng Estados Unidos ang pamantayang de minimis para sa dihital na pagsasampol.[7]

Maaring gamitin bilang pagtatanggol sa mga kaso ng paglabag sa karapatang-sipi sa India ang prinsipyong de minimis non curat lex. Ang mahalagang usapin ay kung maaaring gamitin bilang hiwalay na depensa ang prinsipyong de minimis sa halip na patas na paggamit sa ilalim ng seksiyong 52 ng Batas ng Karapatang-ari ng India. Tinalakay ng hukuman ang kaangkupan ng prinsipyong de minimis sa India TV Independent News Service Pvt. Ltd. and Ors. v Yashraj Films Pvt. Ltd.. Bago ang kasong ito, hindi malinaw ang prinsipyong ito hinggil sa paglalapat nito. Ang buong katotohanan ay ang pagkopya ng limang mga salitang buhat sa isang awit na may limang taludtud. Pagkaraang inilapat ang limang mga salik na kadalasang isinasaalang-alang ng nga hukom sa paglalapat ng de minimis, dumating sa resulta ang hukuman na napakaliit lamang ang pagsuway sa karapatang-sipi at pumapasa sa depensang de minimis.[8][9][10]

Mga sanggunian

  1. ↑ Ehrlich, Eugene (1987) [1985]. Amo, Amas, Amat and More. New York: Harper Row. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-06-272017-7.
  2. ↑ Garner, Bryan A. (editor-in-chief) (1999). Black's Law Dictionary (ika-7th (na) edisyon). St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing. p. 443. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (tulong)
  3. ↑ Walter Keating Kelly (1869), A Collection of the Proverbs of All Nations
  4. ↑ Max L. Veech & Charles R. Moon, "De Minimis Non Curat Lex", 45 Michigan Law Review. 537, 538 (1947) (quoting Thomas Branch, Principia Legis et Æquitatis 36 (William Waller Hening ed., T. H. White, 4th London ed. 1824))
  5. ↑ Webbink, M.; Johnny, O.; Miller, M. (2010). "Copyright in Open Source Software – Understanding the Boundaries". International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. 2. doi:10.5033/ifosslr.v2i1.30.
  6. ↑ Gardner, Eriq (Marso 29, 2020). "'NBA 2K' Publisher Beats Copyright Suit Over LeBron James' Tattoos". The Hollywood Reporter. Nakuha noong Marso 29, 2020.
  7. ↑ Heins, Marjorie (Setyembre 21, 2004). "Trashing the Copyright Balance". The Free Expression Policy Project. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2017-11-12. Nakuha noong 2021-10-31.
  8. ↑ Andrew Inest, "A Theory of De Minimis and a Proposal for Its Application in Copyright", 21 Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 945 (2006)
  9. ↑ "Is It Fair (Use)? De Minimis As Defense In Copyright Infringement". IR Global (sa wikang Ingles). Agosto 14, 2020. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Oktubre 29, 2020. Nakuha noong Abril 8, 2021.
  10. ↑ Interns, Intepat (Hulyo 29, 2020). "The Role of De Minimis in Copyright Law". Intepat IP (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong Abril 8, 2021.

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