Njaa

Njaa ni hali ya kukosa chakula kinachohitajiwa na mwili ili kujimudu.

Sababu zake zinaweza kuwa mbalimbali, kama vile vita, ukame, maradhi ya mimea, wadudu waharibifu, utovu wa ustadi katika uzalishaji na utunzaji wa mazao, ugumu wa mawasiliano n.k.

Kila bara liliwahi kupatwa na hali hiyo katika historia, na bado hiyo ni tishio kwa nchi mbalimbali, pia kutokana na sababu mpya, kama vile utandawazi, matumizi ya mazao kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashine kiekolojia.

Marejeo

Asimov, Isaac, Asimov's New Guide to Science, pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc. : 1984.
Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Chaudhari, B. B (1984). Desai, Meghnad; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudra, Ashok (whr.). Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia. Juz. la 1. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05369-4. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Oktoba 2010Kigezo:Inconsistent citations{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, London, Verso, 2002 (Excerpt online.)
Dutt, Romesh C. Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2.
Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010). "Food-availability decline". Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Oktoba 2010Kigezo:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Ganson, Nicholas, The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. (ISBN 0-230-61333-0)
Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin, Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000), Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia (Februari 2004).
Greenough, Paul R., Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal. The Famine of 1943-1944, Oxford University Press 1982
Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,Famine, Oxford University Press, 1988.
LeBlanc, Steven, Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage, St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since paleolithic times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html Ilihifadhiwa 16 Februari 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.. 3 Julai 2006.
Li, Lillian M. Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
Mead, Margaret. “The Changing Significance of Food.” American Scientist. (Machi–Aprili 1970). pp. 176–189.
Ray, James Arthur; Sivertsen, Linda (2008). Harmonic Wealth: The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-2264-9 Kigezo:Inconsistent citations{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Middlebrook, Peter, When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia, Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [1] Archived 2012-07-12 at Archive.today
Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 via Questia via Oxford Press
Shipton, Parker, African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives, Annual Review of Anthropology, volume 19, pages 353–394
Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
Sommerville, Keith. Why famine stalks Africa, BBC, 2001
Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 270–72.
Woo-Cumings, Meredith, The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its LessonsPDF (807 KiB), ADB Institute Research Paper 31, Januari 2002.