GNU Free Documentation License
GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL au GFDL) ni leseni huru kwa ajili ya nyaraka huria iliyobuniwa na Free Software Foundation (FSF) kwa ajili ya GNU Project. Leseni hii inafanana na GNU General Public License, kwa kuwa inawapa wasomaji haki ya kunakili, kusambaza, na kurekebisha kazi (isipokuwa kwa "sehemu zisizobadilika"), na inahitaji kwamba nakala zote na kazi zinazotokana nazo ziwe chini ya leseni hiyo hiyo. Nakala za kazi pia zinaweza kuuzwa kibiashara, lakini iwapo zitazalishwa kwa wingi (zaidi ya nakala 100), hati asilia au msimbo wa chanzo lazima utolewe kwa mpokeaji wa kazi hiyo. GFDL iliundwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya miongozo ya watumiaji, vitabu vya kiada, vifaa vingine vya rejea na mafunzo, na nyaraka zinazotolewa pamoja na programu za GNU. Hata hivyo, inaweza kutumika kwa kazi yoyote inayotegemea maandishi, bila kujali mada yake. Kwa mfano, kamusi elezo huru ya mtandaoni Wikipedia inatumia GFDL (pamoja na Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License) kwa sehemu kubwa ya maandishi yake, isipokuwa maandishi yaliyoingizwa kutoka vyanzo vingine baada ya mabadiliko ya leseni ya mwaka 2009, ambayo yanapatikana tu chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons.[1][2] HistoriaLeseni ya GFDL ilitolewa kwa rasimu ili kupata maoni mnamo Septemba 1999.[3] Baada ya marekebisho, toleo la 1.1 lilitolewa mnamo Machi 2000, toleo la 1.2 mnamo Novemba 2002, na toleo la 1.3 mnamo Novemba 2008. Hali ya sasa ya leseni ni toleo la 1.3.[4] Mnamo Desemba 1, 2007, mwanzilishi wa Wikipedia Jimmy Wales alitangaza kwamba kipindi kirefu cha majadiliano na mazungumzo kati ya Free Software Foundation, Creative Commons, Wikimedia Foundation na wengine kilizaa pendekezo lililoungwa mkono na FSF na Creative Commons kubadilisha Leseni ya Nyaraka Huru ili kutoa uwezekano kwa Wikimedia Foundation kuhamisha miradi yake kwa leseni inayofanana ya Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).[5][6] Mabadiliko haya yalitekelezwa kwenye toleo la 1.3 la leseni, ambalo linajumuisha kifungu kipya kinachoruhusu baadhi ya vifaa vilivyotolewa chini ya leseni ya (GFDL) kutumika pia chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike.[4] MashartiVifaa vilivyotolewa chini ya toleo la sasa la leseni vinaweza kutumika kwa madhumuni yoyote, alimradi tu matumizi hayo yatekeleze masharti fulani.
Secondary sectionsThe license explicitly separates any kind of "Document" from "Secondary Sections", which may not be integrated with the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Secondary sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship to the subject matter, but not any subject matter itself. While the Document itself is wholly editable and is essentially covered by a license equivalent to (but mutually incompatible with) the GNU General Public License, some of the secondary sections have various restrictions designed primarily to deal with proper attribution to previous authors. Specifically, the authors of prior versions have to be acknowledged and certain "invariant sections" specified by the original author and dealing with his or her relationship to the subject matter may not be changed. If the material is modified, its title has to be changed (unless the prior authors permit to retain the title). The license also has provisions for the handling of front-cover and back-cover texts of books, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" and "Endorsements" sections. These features were added in part to make the license more financially attractive to commercial publishers of software documentation, some of whom were consulted during the drafting of the GFDL.[7][8] "Endorsements" sections are intended to be used in official standard documents, where the distribution of modified versions should only be permitted if they are not labeled as that standard anymore.[8] Commercial redistributionThe GFDL requires the ability to "copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially" and therefore is incompatible with material that excludes commercial re-use. As mentioned above, the GFDL was designed with commercial publishers in mind, as Stallman explained:
Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible with the license and cannot be incorporated into the work. However, incorporating such restricted material may be fair use under United States copyright law (or fair dealing in some other countries) and does not need to be licensed to fall within the GFDL if such fair use is covered by all potential subsequent uses. One example of such liberal and commercial fair use is parody. Compatibility with Creative Commons licensing termsAlthough the two licenses work on similar copyleft principles, the GFDL is not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. However, at the request of the Wikimedia Foundation,[4] version 1.3 added a time-limited section allowing specific types of websites using the GFDL to additionally offer their work under the CC BY-SA license. These exemptions allow a GFDL-based collaborative project with multiple authors to transition to the CC BY-SA 3.0 license, without first obtaining the permission of every author, if the work satisfies several conditions:[4]
To prevent the clause from being used as a general compatibility measure, the license itself only allowed the change to occur before August 1, 2009. At the release of version 1.3, the FSF stated that all content added before November 1, 2008, to Wikipedia as an example satisfied the conditions. The Wikimedia Foundation itself after a public referendum, invoked this process to dual-license content released under the GFDL under the CC BY-SA license in June 2009, and adopted a foundation-wide attribution policy for the use of content from Wikimedia Foundation projects. EnforcementThere have currently been no cases involving the GFDL in a court of law, although its sister license for software, the GNU General Public License, has been successfully enforced in such a setting.[9] Although the content of Wikipedia has been plagiarized and used in violation of the GFDL by other sites, such as Baidu Baike, no contributors have ever tried to bring an organization to court due to violation of the GFDL. In the case of Baidu, Wikipedia representatives asked the site and its contributors to respect the terms of the licenses and to make proper attributions.[10] CriticismSome critics consider the GFDL a non-free license. Some reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which cannot be modified or removed, and that its prohibition against digital rights management (DRM) systems applies to valid usages, like for "private copies made and not distributed".[11] Notably, the Debian project,[12] Thomas Bushnell,[13] Nathanael Nerode,[14] and Bruce Perens[15] have raised objections. Bruce Perens saw the GFDL even outside the "Free Software ethos":[15]
In 2006, Debian developers voted to consider works licensed under the GFDL to comply with their Debian Free Software Guidelines provided that the invariant section clauses are not used.[16] However, their resolution stated that even without invariant sections, GFDL-licensed software documentation is considered to be "still not free of trouble" by the project, namely because of its incompatibility with the major free software licenses.[16] Those opposed to the GFDL have recommended the use of alternative licenses such as the BSD License or the GNU GPL.[16] The FLOSS Manuals foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL "does not allow for easy duplication and modification", especially for digital documentation.[17] DRM clauseThe GNU FDL contains the statement:
A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that a licensee is not allowed to save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or using encryption. In 2003, Richard Stallman said about the above sentence on the debian-legal mailing list:[18]
Invariant sectionsA GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because a new, different title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot be removed until the work enters the public domain after copyright expires. Richard Stallman said about invariant sections on the debian-legal mailing list:[19]
GPL incompatible in both directionsThe GNU FDL is incompatible in both directions with the GPL—material under the GNU FDL cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual.[20] At the June 22–23, 2006 international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Eben Moglen hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation:[21]
Burdens when printingThe GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, they must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself. Worse, the same is required for the standalone use of just one (for example, Wikipedia) image.[22] Several Wikimedia projects have over the years abandoned the use of GFDL, among them the English Wikipedia, which has relicensed the files.[23] Wikivoyage, a web site dedicated to free content travel guides, chose not to use the GFDL from the beginning because it considers it unsuitable for short printed texts.[24] Other licenses for free works
List of projects that use the GFDL
See alsoReferences
External links
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