Slaget vid Varna

Slaget vid Varna

Ägde rum 10 november 1444
Plats Nära Varna i Bulgarien
Resultat Avgörande osmansk seger
Stridande
Ungern, Polen, Kroatien, Tyskland, Bosnien, Bulgarien, Valakiet, Tjeckien, Rutenien samt några albanska och armeniska trupper. Osmanska riket
Befälhavare och ledare
Vladislav III av Polen †, János Hunyadi Sultan Murad II
Styrka
≈ 20 000 ≈ 40 000[1] – 60 000[2][3]
Förluster
11 000 – 13 000 8 000 – 20 000

Slaget vid Varna, även kallat korståget vid Varna eller det antiturkiska korståget, var ett av de största slagen under 1400-talet och ett av de mest lyckosamma för osmanerna. I detta slag besegrade Osmanska riket under sultan Murad II de polsk-ungerska kristna arméerna.

Slaget

Varna ligger vid Svarta havet, i östra Bulgarien. De kristna var underlägsna i antal, men hade under stora delarna av korståget varit på offensiven. När de mötte den överlägsna turkiska armén, hade de blivit lovade understöd av staden Venedig och Konstantinopel och det romerska riket. Den kristna armén bestod till stor del av legoknektar. De hade bl.a. 300 tjeckiska skyttar, men mycket lite annat infanteri. Dock då hade de fått bombarder och vagnborgar/laager. Den kristna armén stod grupperad för försvar av staden, norr om staden och floden. Först att anfalla var turkarna som med sitt lätta kavalleri gick emot kroaterna. De centralt placerade skyttarna och bombarderna tilltygade dem dock stora förluster, varför de fick fly. De kristna följde efter. Under tiden gick den kristna härens nu centralt placerade kavalleri till anfall. Deras anfall var lyckosamt och den turkiska hären började retirera sakta. När den turkiske befälhavaren såg detta, gjorde han sig beredd att fly. Polska ryttare försökte omringa honom, men kom istället att i sin tur bli omringade och nedgjorda. Rivaliteten mellan polackerna och ungrarna förhindrade dock att de kunde fortsätta. Därmed var den kristna anfallskraften bruten. De kvarvarande kunde bara se på när hela den osmanska armén anföll i oordning. De tvangs fly. Oordnade som de var lyckades inte turkarna använda sin seger.

Efterverkningar

Nederlaget för de kristna medförde stora problem för européerna och skräcken för turkarna började växa och spridas genom Europa.[källa behövs] Slaget inledde också utvecklingen som ledde fram till Konstantinopels fall. Vladislav III:s ("Władysław III") död ledde till att tronen gavs till Ladislaus V av Böhmen och Ungern.

I Bulgarien byggdes år 1960 ett museum, där vapen och rustningar av olika slag och från olika europeiska länder uppvisas. En boulevard blev även uppkallad efter Vladislav III och en annan gata intill har fått namnet Hunyadi.

Vladislav III har en grav i katedralen vid Wawelslottet i Kraków i Polen, men graven är bara symbolisk. Vladislavs huvudlösa kropp hittades aldrig. Det finns dock en legend som talar om att hans kropp låg begravd i en ortodox kyrka i Varna, som revs år 1902.

Källor

  • William H. Guttenberg, History becomes alive
  • Tredje upplagan av Vad är historia?
  • Third part of "History through Europe" (2007 release)

Noter

  1. ^ Setton & Baldwin, Hasard, A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 656 "A great victory was within sight when Murad unexpectedly emerged from his retreat at the head of 40,000 men, whom the Genoese had transported to the shores of Europe for a substancial price."
  2. ^ Turnbull, Stephen, The Ottoman Empire: 1326–1699, Osprey Publishing, p. 34 "Hunyadi had chosen a strong position between the end of a marsh and the bay. Scouts brought news that the Turkish army was scarcely 4,000 paces away and numbered at least 60,000 men."
  3. ^ Setton, Kenneth Mayer, The Papacy and the Levant, (1204–1571) Vol.2: The Fifteenth Century, p. 90 "By this time the Turkish army may have contained 60,000 men (probably Murad himself did not know how many he had) almost outnumbering the Christians by three to one."

Read other articles:

Dewan Kerjasama untuk Negara Arab di Teluk (CCASG; Arab: مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربيةcode: ar is deprecated ), juga dikenal sebagai Dewan Kerjasama Teluk (GCC; مجلس التعاون الخليجي) adalah sebuah blok dagang yang terdiri dari enam Negara Arab di Teluk Persia dengan banyak tujuan ekonomi dan sosial. Pemerintahan Bendera Nama sigkat Nama resmi Bentuk pemerintahan Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Arab (transliterasi) Bahrain Kerajaan Bahrain Mamlaka...

 

HeliosPersonifikasi MatahariHelios pada lukisan dinding antik di PompeiiPusat pemujaanRhodes, KorinthiaKediamanLangitPlanettidak adaHewanKuda, Ayam, Serigala, SapiSimbolMatahari, chariot, kuda, awan, cambuk, heliotropium, globe, kornukopia,[1] buah matang[1]PohonFrankincense, poplarHariMinggu (hēméra Hēlíou)KendaraanSebuah kereta yang ditarik oleh empat kuda putihJenis kelaminLaki-lakiFestivalHaliaInformasi pribadiAnakAcheloios, Aktis, Aietes, Aex, Aegiale, Aegle, Aetheria...

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possibl...

Denver International Airport Bandar Udara Internasional DenverIATA: DENICAO: KDENFAA LID: DENInformasiJenisPublikPemilikKota dan County dari Departemen Aviasi DenverMelayaniDenver, Colorado, Colorado Utara, Colorado TimurLokasiTimur Laut Denver, ColoradoMaskapai penghubung Frontier Airlines Great Lakes Airlines United Airlines Ketinggian dpl1,655 mdplSitus webhttp://www.flydenver.comPetaDENLokasi di ColoradoLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan kaki m 7/25 12,000 3,658 Beton 8/26 12,...

 

2015 single by Meek Mill featuring Chris Brown and Nicki Minaj This article is about the 2015 Meek Mill song. For the 1982 Peter Frampton song, see Premonition (Peter Frampton album). Not to be confused with All Eyes on Me. All Eyes on YouSingle by Meek Mill featuring Chris Brown and Nicki Minajfrom the album Dreams Worth More Than Money ReleasedJune 26, 2015Recorded2015GenreHip hopR&BLength3:45LabelMaybach Music GroupDream ChasersAtlanticSongwriter(s)Robert WilliamsOnika MarajChristopher...

 

Peninsula in the Far North of Russia Taymyr PeninsulaТаймырский полуостровLocation of the Taymyr Peninsula.GeographyLocationFar NorthCoordinates74°N 98°E / 74°N 98°E / 74; 98Adjacent toKara SeaLaptev SeaArea400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi)Length1,050 km (652 mi)Width520 km (323 mi)Highest elevation1,125 m (3691 ft)Highest pointByrranga MountainsAdministration RussiaFederal subjectKrasnoyarsk...

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Commento: Fonti assenti Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Commento: Voce da adeguare al corrispondente modello di vo...

 

Football tournament season 2011 IFA ShieldTournament detailsCountry IndiaTeams10Final positionsChampionsChurchill Brothers (2nd title)Runner-upMohun BaganTournament statisticsMatches played24Goals scored53 (2.21 per match)← 20092012 → The 2011 IFA shield was held in Kolkata starting from 11 March, with a total of 10 teams including a Chinese super league team participating. Teams were divided into 2 groups and played each other with the top 2 advanci...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: West Tennessee Raids – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sourc...

Angola 23.er puesto Titular Alternativo Datos generales Asociación Federación Angoleña de Fútbol Confederación CAF Seudónimo Las palancas negras Ranking FIFA 57.mo lugar (mayo de 2006) Participación 1.ª Mejor resultado Debutante Entrenador Luís Oliveira Estadísticas Partidos 3 Goles anotados 1 (0.33 por partido) Goles recibidos 2 (0.67 por partido) Goleador Flávio (Un gol) Cronología Anterior — Siguiente Por definir La selección de Angola fue uno de los 32 países participante...

 

Pacific island administered by the United States, claimed by the Marshall Islands This article is about the U.S. territory of Wake Island. For other uses, see Wake Island (disambiguation). This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory in Unorganized unincorporated territory, United StatesWake Island Ānen Kio (Mars...

 

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (Auxerre, 21 marzo 1768 – Parigi, 16 maggio 1830) è stato un matematico e fisico francese, conosciuto soprattutto per le sue famose serie e trasformata e per la sua legge sulla conduzione del calore. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Contributi 3 Riconoscimenti 4 Opere 5 Onorificenze 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Théorie analitique de la chaleur, 1888 La sua istruzione si compì dapprima dai Benedettini, poi...

Current delegationTommy Tuberville (R)Katie Britt (R) Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. The state elects U.S. senators to class 2 and class 3. Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant from March 1861 to July 1868 due to its secession from the Union during the American Civil War. Richard Shelby is Alabama's longest serving senator (served 1987–2023). Alabama's current U.S. senators are Republicans Tommy Tuberville (since 2021) and Katie Britt (since 2023). L...

 

Regional turboprop Airliner Series ATR 72 Firefly ATR 72 Role Turboprop regional airlinerType of aircraft National origin France/Italy Manufacturer ATR First flight 27 October 1988 Introduction 27 October 1989 (Finnair) Status In production, In service Primary users Wings AirIndiGoAzul Linhas AereasAir New ZealandTAROM Produced 1988–present Number built 1,800 as of 23 October 2023[1] Developed from ATR 42 Developed into ATR 52 (not built) The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, ...

 

Comprehensive physical model Grand Unification redirects here. For the albums, see Grand Unification (Fightstar album) and Grand Unification (Milford Graves album). Beyond the Standard ModelSimulated Large Hadron Collider CMS particle detector data depicting a Higgs boson produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons Standard Model Evidence Hierarchy problem Dark matter Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark radiation Dark photon Cosmological constant problem Str...

Meeting of Eastern Orthodox leaders in Constantinople Title page of the acts and decisions of the Council. Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius IV convened the 1923 Council of Constantinople. The Council of Constantinople of 1923 was a meeting of representatives of several local Eastern Orthodox Churches held in Constantinople from 10 May to 8 June 1923, convened at the initiative of Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis. In spite of being called by some as the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinop...

 

AEK Athens 1998–99 football seasonAEK Athens1998–99 seasonChairmanLakis Nikolaou(until 5 December)Dimitris MelissanidisManagerDragoslav Stepanović(until 28 October)Oleg BlokhinStadiumNikos Goumas StadiumAlpha Ethniki2ndGreek CupFirst roundUEFA CupFirst roundTop goalscorerLeague: Demis Nikolaidis (22)All: Demis Nikolaidis (28)Highest home attendance20,364 vs Vitesse(29 September 1998)Lowest home attendance3,663 vs Ethnikos Piraeus(16 May 1999)Average home league attendance11,225Biggest w...

 

1959 Buick LeSabre with characteristic beltline surrounding the exterior Tesla Model 3 with front hood character line flowing into side beltline The beltline is a line representing the bottom edge of a vehicle's glass panels (e.g. windscreen, side windows and rear window).[1][2][3] It also represents the bottom of a vehicle's greenhouse. This definition is found on all cars, regardless of vehicle body style.[clarification needed] References ^ Starting Out: Car ...

Type of ranged weapon resembling a tall bow and arrow This article is about the weapon. For other uses, see Longbow (disambiguation). Picture of a longbow made with wood, 2013 A longbow is a type of tall bow that makes a fairly long draw possible. A longbow is not significantly recurved. Its limbs are relatively narrow and are circular or D-shaped in cross section. Flatbows can be just as long, but in cross-section, a flatbow has limbs that are approximately rectangular. Longbows for hunting ...

 

أيمن حسين معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل أيمن حسين غضبان المفرجي الميلاد 22 مارس 1996 (28 سنة)  الحويجة  الطول 189 سنتيمتر  مركز اللعب مهاجم  الجنسية العراق  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي نادي الخور القطري الرقم 9 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق 2009–2010 العلم 2011–2012 الطوز 2012–2013 غا...