Sultan (arabiska: سلطان, sulṭān; ursprungligen med betydelsen ”herravälde”)[1] är en muslimsk härskartitel. I Koranen beskrivs sultanen som innehavare av andlig makt och Guds skugga på jorden.[1][2] Den härskare som enligt traditionen är att betrakta som sultan har förutom världslig makt även religiös auktoritet över muslimerna inom sitt herravälde. Detta ska dock inte uppfattas som att sultanen är en religiös lärare. En sultans rike kallas sultanat.
Den förste härskare som bar titeln var den afghanske härskaren Mahmud av Gazna 998–1030 i östra Afghanistan. Därefter utvecklades den till en personlig regenttitel hos seldjukerna, från år 1055.[1]
Sultantiteln var länge förhållandevis exklusiv och förlänades ofta av kaliferna, varefter användandet spreds vidare.[1]
Titeln har sedan använts i bland annat Osmanska riket (fram till 1922[1]), Indien och Egypten. 1856 till 1964 fanns sultanatet Zanzibar. I Marocko var monarkens titel sultan tills 1957, då Mohammed V ändrade sin titel till kung.[3]
Det finns idag två stater som är suveräna sultanat: Brunei[4] och Oman.[5] Därutöver finns underlydande sultanat i Malaysia[6] och i Yogyakarta på Java.[7]
Zambian Air Force AF-319 طائرة DHC-5D نفس طراز الطائرة المنكوبة ملخص الحادث التاريخ 27 أبريل 1993 الموقع المحيط الأطلسي الغابون إحداثيات 0°37′05″N 9°18′46″E / 0.618135°N 9.312716°E / 0.618135; 9.312716 الركاب 25 الطاقم 5 الوفيات 30 الناجون 0 المالك القوات الجوية الزامبية بداية الرحلة لوساكا
Unidentified American murder victim, d. 1957 The Boy in the BoxÁp phích gốc năm 1957Sinhk. 1951–1953 (Ngày chính xác không xác định)MấtTháng 2 năm 1957 (4–6 tuổi)[1][2]Nguyên nhân mấtBị chấn thươngKhám nghiệm tử thiNgày 25 tháng 2 năm 1957 Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Hoa KỳNơi an nghỉNghĩa trang Ivy Hill Cemetery, Cedarbrook, Philadelphia, Hoa KỳĐài tưởng niệmNgôi mộ tưởng niệm với Đứa…
Coordenadas: 41° 2' N 8° 20' 30 O Portugal Raiva, Pedorido e Paraíso Freguesia Localização Raiva, Pedorido e ParaísoLocalização de Raiva, Pedorido e Paraíso em Portugal Coordenadas 41° 2' N 8° 20' 30 O Região Norte Sub-região Tâmega e Sousa Distrito Aveiro Município Castelo de Paiva Código 010610 História Fundação 28 de janeiro de 2013 Administração Tipo Junta de freguesia Características geográficas Área total 4…
Overview of sales taxes in the United States of America This article is part of a series onTaxation in the United States Federal taxation Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Generation-skipping transfer tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion Resistance State and local taxation State income tax Pro…
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Treub di 's Lands Plantentuin Buitenzorg atau Kebun Raya Bogor. Melchior Treub (26 Desember 1851 – 3 Oktober 1910 adalah seorang ahli botani berkebangsaan Belanda. Lulusan doktor Universitas Leiden ini dikenal sebagai direktur Kebun Raya Bogor, Hindia Belanda yang menjabat dari 1880-1910. Lewat kepemimpinan Treub, kebun raya berkembang menjadi sebuah institusi ilmiah profesional dengan pengetahuan alam tropis di Hindia Belanda.[1] Pada tahun 1907, Treub menerima Linnean M…
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Species of fly Chrysosomopsis aurata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Tachinidae Subfamily: Tachininae Tribe: Ernestiini Genus: Chrysosomopsis Species: C. aurata Binomial name Chrysosomopsis aurata(Fallén, 1820)[1] Synonyms Tachina aurata Fallén, 1820[1] Chrysosomopsis aurata is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.[2][3][4][5][6] Refe…
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Musa mengangkat kedua tangannya selama Pertempuran Rafidim, ditopang oleh Hur dan Harun, dalam karya John Everett Millais Victory O Lord! (Kemenangan Ya Tuhan!) (1871). Rafidim (Ibrani: רפידים) adalah salah satu tempat perkemahan orang-orang Israel dalam perjalanan mereka Keluar dari Mesir. Merupakan tempat persinggahan atau perhentian terakhir sebelum mencapai Gunung Sinai.[1] Di situ Israel dipimpin Yosua bin Nun berperang melawan Amalek, kemenangan dalam peperangan tergantun…
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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші населені пункти з такою назвою: Миколаївське. село Миколаївське Країна Україна Область Миколаївська область Район Миколаївський район Громада Шевченківська сільська громада Основні дані Засноване 1957 Населення 1006 Площа 0,063 км² Густота …
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Italian politician (1922–2019) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Edoardo Catellani – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) Edoardo Catellani Edoardo Catellani (24 July 1922 – 10 July 2019) was an Italian politician who served in the Senate from 1968 to 1979, rep…
A Man and a WomanNama lainHangul남과 여 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanNamgwa Yeo Sutradara Lee Yoon-ki Produser Oh Jung-wan Lee Dong-ha Ditulis oleh Lee Yoon-ki Sin Eun-yeong PemeranJeon Do-yeonGong YooPenata musikBang Jun-seokSinematograferKim Dong-youngPenyuntingKim Hyung-juPerusahaanproduksiBom Film ProductionsDistributorShowboxTanggal rilis 25 Februari 2016 (2016-02-25) Durasi115 menitNegara Korea Selatan Bahasa Korea PendapatankotorUS$1,5 juta[1] A Man and a Woma…
Different TimesPlaybill coverMusicMichael BrownLyricsMichael BrownBookMichael BrownProductions1972 Broadway Different Times is a musical with music, lyrics, and book by Michael Brown. It was originally produced on Broadway in 1972. It opened on May 1, 1972 at the ANTA Playhouse and closed on May 20, 1972 after 24 performances. Plot The show follows a Boston family from 1905 to 1970. It covers the decades and the issues like women's rights, both World Wars, anti-Semitism, and youth protest.[1…
This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Town First editionAuthorWilliam FaulknerCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesSnopes trilogyPublisherRandom HousePublication date1957Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages388 ppOCLC24181257Preceded byA Fable Followed byThe Mansion The Town is a novel by the American a…
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Paired organ in mammals Mesonephric ductUrogenital sinus of female human embryo of eight and a half to nine weeks oldDetailsCarnegie stage11Days28Precursorintermediate mesodermGives rise tovas deferens, seminal vesicles, epididymis, Gartner's ductIdentifiersLatinductus mesonephricus; ductus WolffiMeSHD014928TEduct_by_E5.6.2.0.0.0.4 E5.6.2.0.0.0.4 Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] The mesonephric duct, also known as the Wolffian duct, archinephric duct, Leydig's duct or nephric duct, i…
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