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Voiced dental fricative

See also: Voiced dental lateral fricative
Voiced dental fricative
ð
IPA Number131
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ð
Unicode (hex)U+00F0
X-SAMPAD

The voiced dental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ð⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨D⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "th" in these, those and father.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian idhull [iðuɫ] 'idol'
Aleut[1] damo [ðɑmo] 'house'
Arabic Modern Standard[2] ذهب [ˈðæhæb] 'gold' Represented by the letter ḏāl. See Arabic phonology
Gulf
Najdi
Tunisian [ˈðhæb] See Tunisian Arabic phonology
Arpitan Genevan [fr] and Savoyard Genèva [ðə'nɛːva] 'Geneva' Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling.
Bressan vachiére [va'θiðə] 'woman cow herder' Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
Aromanian[3] zală [ˈðalə] 'butter whey' Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Asturian Some dialects fazer [fäˈðeɾ] 'to do' Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ].
Bashkir ҡаҙ / qađ [qɑð]ⓘ 'goose'
Berta [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] 'to sweep'
Burmese[4] အညာသား [ʔəɲàðá] 'inlander' Commonly realized as an affricate [d̪͡ð].[5]
Catalan[6] cada [ˈkaðə] 'each' Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /d/. See Catalan phonology
Cree Woods Cree (th-dialect) nitha [niða] 'I' Reflex of Proto-Algonguian */r/. Shares features of a sonorant.
Dahalo[7] [example needed] Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̪/, and may be simply a plosive [d̪] instead.[7]
Elfdalian baiða [ˈbaɪða] 'wait'
Emilian Bolognese żänt [ðæ̃:t] 'people'
English Received Pronunciation[8] this [ðɪs] 'this'
Western American English [ð̪͆ɪs]ⓘ Interdental.[8]
Extremaduran ḥazel [häðel] 'to do' Realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ]
Fijian ciwa [ðiwa] 'nine'
Galician Some dialects[9] fazer [fɐˈðeɾ] 'to do' Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ, z, z̺].
German Austrian[10] leider [ˈlaɛ̯ða] 'unfortunately' Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology
Greek δάφνη / dáfni [ˈðafni] 'laurel' See Modern Greek phonology
Gwich'in niidhàn [niːðân] 'you want'
Hän ë̀dhä̀ [ə̂ðɑ̂] 'hide'
Harsusi [ðebeːr] 'bee'
Hebrew Iraqi אדוני [ʔaðoˈnaj]ⓘ 'my lord' Commonly pronounced [d]. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani גָּדוֹל / ğaḏol [dʒaðol] 'large, great' See Yemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish Many dialects קריאדֿור / kriador [kɾiaˈðor] 'creator' Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in many dialects.
Kabyle ḏuḇ [ðuβ] 'to be exhausted'
Kurdish [example needed] An approximant; postvocalic allophone of /d/. See Kurdish phonology
Malay Standard azan [a.ðan] 'azan' Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. See Malay phonology
Malayalam ഒൻപത് / onpatŭ [onbɐðə̆] 'nine' Intervocalic allophone of /t̪, d̪/. See Malayalam phonology
Malto मेद़ / mēð [meːð] 'body' See Malto phonology
Mari Eastern dialect шодо [ʃoðo] 'lung'
Norman Jèrriais méthe [mɛð] 'mother' Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z].
Northern Sámi dieđa [d̥ieðɑ] 'science'
Persian Early New Persian,[11] Early Judeo-Persian[11] گذشتن / guḏaštan [gu.ðaʃˈtan] 'to pass' Called ḏāl-i mu'ajjam and represented by the letter ḏāl.[11] A postvocalic pronunciation of native /d/, either considered phonemic or phonetic.[11] See Persian phonology
Portuguese European[12] nada [ˈn̪äðɐ] 'nothing' Northern and central dialects. Allophone of /d/, mainly after an oral vowel.[13] See Portuguese phonology
Sardinian nidu [ˈniðu]ⓘ 'nest' Allophone of lenis /d/, may also be realized closer to an approximant. See Sardinian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Lewis[14] Màiri [ˈmaːðʲi] 'Mary' Slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard or even phonemic in Lewis[15] and also common in Harris; otherwise realized as [ɹ̠ʲ] in Harris, Uist and Barra, [ɾʲ] in Skye,[16] as [ʒ] in southern Barra, or as [j] in Tiree.
Shughni δud [ðʊd] 'smoke, fumes' See Shughni phonology
Sioux Lakota záptaŋ [ˈðaptã] 'five' Sometimes with [z]
Swahili dhambi [ðɑmbi] 'sin' Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
Swedish Central Standard[17] bräda [ˈbə̆ɾɛ̂ɛ̞ðɐ̞ɦ̥]ⓘ 'a board (object)' Allophone of lenis /d/ in casual speech, may be realized closer to an approximant.[17] See Swedish phonology
Syriac Western Neo-Aramaic ܐܚܕ [aħːeð] 'to take'
Tamil ஒன்பது / oṉpatu [onbɐðɯ] 'nine' Intervocalic allophone of /t̪/. See Tamil phonology
Tanacross dhet [ðet] 'liver'
Turkmen ýyldyz [jɯldɯð] 'star' Realization of the /z/ phoneme
Tutchone Northern edhó [eðǒ] 'hide'
Southern adhǜ [aðɨ̂]
Venetian mezorno [meˈðorno] 'midday'
Welsh bardd [barð] 'bard' See Welsh phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[18] [example needed] Allophone of /d/

Approximant

Voiced dental approximant
ð̞
Audio sample

The voiced dental approximant is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ð̞⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨D_o⟩.

Characteristics

  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ / werda [wεrð̞a] 'flower' Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects.
Corresponds to [d] in other varieties.
Basque[19] adar [að̞ar] 'horn' Allophone of /d/
Kagayanen[20] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Luri Haftlang Bakhtiari around Masjed Soleyman[21] گده / gade [ga.ð̞e] 'stomach' Allophone of /d/ after vowels and also word-finally after glides (/h/, /j/, /ʋ/).
Occitan Gascon que divi [ke ˈð̞iwi] 'what I should' Allophone of /d/. See Occitan phonology
Spanish Most dialects[22] dedo [ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞]ⓘ 'finger' Allophone of /d/, ranges from close fricative to approximant.[23] See Spanish phonology

Danish /ð/ is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.[24][25]

References

  1. ↑ "damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary | Glosbe". glosbe.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  2. ↑ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
  3. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  4. ↑ Watkins (2001:291–292)
  5. ↑ Watkins (2001:292)
  6. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
  9. ↑ "Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) | Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG". ilg.usc.es. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  10. ↑ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Paul (2000)
  12. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  13. ↑ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
  14. ↑ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
  15. ↑ Oftedal (1956:129)
  16. ↑ "Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Engstrand (2004:167)
  18. ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
  19. ↑ Hualde (1991:99–100)
  20. ↑ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
  21. ↑ Anonby & Asadi (2014:44)
  22. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  23. ↑ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  24. ↑ Grønnum (2003:121)
  25. ↑ Basbøll (2005:59, 63)

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