Obrana Brestske tvrđave

Obrana Brestske tvrđave
Segment Istočnog fronta (Drugog svjetskog rata)

Muzej Brestske tvrđave, sekcija posvećena borbama za citadelu 1941. godine
Datum 22–29. jun 1941
Lokacija Brest, Bjeloruska SSR, SSSR
Ishod njemačka pobjeda
Sukobljene strane
 Nacistička Njemačka  Sovjetski Savez
Komandanti i vođe
Treći Reich Fritz Schlieper Sovjetski Savez Pjotr Gavrilov
Sovjetski Savez Ivan Zubačjov
Sovjetski Savez Jefim Fomin (23 - 26. jun)[1][2]
Snage
17.000-20.000[3] preko 9.000[4]
Žrtve i gubici
429 mrtvih, 668 ranjenih[5] preko 6800 zarobljenih[6]
više od 2000 mrtvih[7]

Obrana Brestske tvrđave (rus. Оборона Брестской крепости; blr. Абарона Брэсцкай крэпасці) bila je opsada sovjetskog garnizona u Brestskoj tvrđavi na zapadu današnje Bjelorusije, a koju su u junu 1941. izvele njemačke snage na samom početku operacije Barbarossa. Brestska tvrđava se nalazila na samoj granici tadašnjeg SSSR-a i nacističke Njemačke, te se preko nje moglo kontrolirati važne prijelaze preko rijeke Bug i komunikacije prema Moskvi. Usprkos toga, njemački napad izveden 22. juna 1941. godine je sovjetski garnizon - koji je činilo oko 9000 pripadnika Crvene armije i NKVD-a - u potpunosti iznenadio, te su njemačke snage - koje je činilo oko 20.000 ljudi - relativno brzo zauzele sam grad i probile sve linije sovjetske obrane, izazvavši potpuno rasulo među sovjetskim snagama. Dio njih se, međutim, uspio povući u samu tvrđavu gdje je organiziran otpor. Pokušaji Nijemaca da tvrđavu zauzmu pješadijom su prvog dana odbijeni uz teške gubitke, a što je njemačkog generala Fritza Schliepera, komandanta 45. pješadijske divizije natjeralo da koristi tešku opsadnu artiljeriju, inženjerce i Luftwaffe, uz čiju pomoć je organizirani otpor branitelja slomljen do 29. juna. Tada je zarobljen jedan od vođa obrane, politički komesar Jefim Fomin, koji je, u skladu sa Komesarskim naređenjem bio pogubljen na licu mjesta. Prema nekim navodima, izolirane grupe i pojedinci su se nastavili skrivati u tvrđavi i njenoj okolici sve do 23. jula kada je zarobljen major Pjotr Gavrilov, komandant 44. pješadijskog puka, jedini od vođa obrane koji je preživio rat.

Obrana Brestske tvrđave, usprkos svoje žestine, nije imala značajnu ulogu na samom početku rata, niti je bitno otežala i usporila njemačko napredovanje. Sovjetsko vodstvo je, pak, za nju doznalo tek početkom 1942. godine, kada su tokom velike zimske kontraofenzive pripadnici Crvene armije kod mjesta Livni kod Orela zarobili arhivu 45. divizije. Tada su se ti događaji počeli koristiti u propagandne svrhe, odnosno branitelji Brestske tvrđave slaviti kao heroji. Otada je o Brestskoj tvrđavi i njenim braniteljima napisan niz knjiga i snimljen niz filmova među kojima se ističu Besmrtni garnizon iz 1956. godine i Brestska tvrđava iz 2010. godine.

Izvori

  1. Constantine Pleshakov, Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005, ISBN 0-618-36701-2, Google Print, p.243
  2. Pleshakov notes (p. 242): "With the exception of Gavrilov [commander of the 44th Infantry Regiment], all the commanders of the troops were self-appointed. On the morning of 22 June, rank ceased to matter, and whoever was able to issue a sane order and persuade others to carry it out was acknowledged as a leader."
  3. Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 , ISBN 0-300-11204-1, Yale University Press, 2006, Google Print, p.87
  4. Christian Ganzer: Remembering and Forgetting: Hero Veneration in the Brest Fortress. In: Siobhan Doucette, Andrej Dynko, Ales Pashkevich (ed.): Returning to Europe. Belarus. Past and Future. Warsaw 2011, p. 138-145; here p. 141.
  5. Christian Ganzer: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, p. 449-466., here p. 458-459.
  6. Christian Ganzer: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, p. 449-466., here p. 463.
  7. Christian Ganzer: Remembering and Forgetting: Hero Veneration in the Brest Fortress. In: Siobhan Doucette, Andrej Dynko, Ales Pashkevich (ed.): Returning to Europe. Belarus. Past and Future. Warsaw 2011, p. 138-145; here p. 139.

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