Nisa (Perzija)

37°36′N 61°50′E / 37.600°N 61.833°E / 37.600; 61.833

Partska tvrđava Nisa
Svjetska baština – UNESCO
 Turkmenistan
Registriran:2007. (31. zasjedanje)
Vrsta:Kulturno dobro
Mjerilo:ii, iii
Ugroženost:no
Referenca:UNESCO

Nisa ili Partaunisa (perz. نسا, turkm. Gadymy Nusaý) je arheološki lokalitet starog ahemenidskog grada, kasnije poznatog kao Mithridakert ili Mihrdatkart. Nalazio se u Centralnoj Aziji na historijskom Putu svile, danas u Turkmenistanu kod modernog sela Bagira odnosno 18 km sjeverozapadno od Ašgabata. Svoj vrhunac je doživio u 3. vijeku pne. kada je postao prvom prijestolnicom Partske Monarhije. Upisan je na UNESCO-v popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji i Oceaniji 2007. godine kao jedinstveni ostaci prve partske prijestolnice u kojoj se prepoznaju elementi drevne iranske kulture, ali i stare Grčke i Rima sa zapada.

Historija

Novčić Mitridata I. iskopan u Nisi

Ovo područje je bilo naseljeno još u 4. milenijumu pne.., a naselje je postojalo još u 1. milenijumu pne. No, prema predaji osnovao ga je kralj Arsak I od Partije (vl. oko 250. – 211. pne.) i od tada je, između ostalog, bi i glavnom nekropolom partskih vladara, iako još uvijek nije utvrđeno da li je utvrda Nisa bila vladarska rezidnecija ili mauzolej. Taj najstariji grad je bio petostrana utvrda sa zidinama od zbijene zemlje visokim 5 – 7 metara i debelim oko 8 – 9 m. Unutra su bili tornjevi od opeke i vojne okrugle barake promjera oko 17 m, te mauzoleji s velikim središnjim dvorištem (38 x 38 m).

Arheološka iskapanja su otkrila dva utvrđena spojena grada (Stara i Nova Nisa) s bogatom državničkim, stambenim i vjerskim građevinama. Grad se nalazio na strateškom položaju sjecišta trgovačkih puteva sjever-jug i istok-zapad, ali je služio i kao utvrđena granica protiv vojnih napada. Mnoga helenistička djela su iskopana, poput ceremonijalnih ritona, te novca s prizorima iz mitologije. Danas se čuvaju uglavnom u Arheološkom muzeju u Ašgabatu.

Mitridat I. (171. – 138. pne.) ga je preimenovao u Mitradatkirt ("Mitridatova utvrda"), što se zna s jedne glinene pločice (od 2700 pronađenih na lokalitetu) ispisane klinastim pismom. Početkom 1. vijeka pogodio ga je strašan potres od kojega se nikada nije oporavio[1].

Godine 224., po raspadu Partske Monarhije, Nisa je postala dio Sasanidske Monarhije, ali izgubila na važnosti i postupno je gubila stanovništvo. No, ostala je važnom trgovačkom postajom tokom islamskog perioda sve do 14. vijeka.

Izvori

  1. ↑ Bibliografija arheoloških iskapanja u Nisi s prilozima talijanskih arheologa (en) Preuzeto 3. svibnja 2011.

Literatura

  • Philip L. Kohl, Central Asia: Palaeolithic beginnings to the Iron Age, Editions Recherche sur les Civilasations, Pariz, 1984. str. 48.

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