Magnetski moment

Elektromagnetizam
Ključne stavke
Elektricitet  Magnetizam
Elektrostatika
Magnetostatika
Elektrodinamika
Električna mreža
Kovarijantna formulacija
Ova kutijica: pogledaj  razgovor  uredi
Magnetski moment μ je umnožak jakosti električne struje I i ploštine petlje S.
Kad se kroz električnu zavojnicu pušta električna struja, ona postaje elektromagnet, koji ima svoj magnetski moment.

Magnetski moment ili magnetski dipolni moment (znak m ili μ) je vektorska fizikalna veličina kojom se opisuju svojstva stalnih magneta i električnih zavojnica kroz koje teče električna struja; umnožak je jakosti električne struje i ploštine petlje. Smjer je vektora magnetskoga momenta od sjevernoga prema južnom magnetskom polu, odnosno okomit je na površinu petlje kroz koju teče električna struja. Mjerna je jedinica amper puta kvadratni metar (A ∙ m2). Magnetski momenti čestica u atomskoj i nuklearnoj fizici iskazuju se s pomoću Bohrova i nuklearnoga magnetona. [1]

Elementarne čestice, atomska jezgra, elektronske ljuske atoma i molekula imaju magnetni moment. Magnetni moment elementarnih čestica (elektrona, protona, neutrona i drugih), kao što je kvantna mehanika pokazala, se javlja zbog njihovog sopstvenog mehaničkog momenta - spina. [2]

Magnetni moment se meri u Am2 , ili

gde je T - tesla, N - njutn i A - amper. Specifična jedinica elementarnog magnetnog momenta je Borov magneton.

Magneton

Magneton je elementarni kvant magnetskoga momenta, fizikalna konstanta koja opisuje magnetska svojstva atoma i subatomskih čestica. Bohrov magneton (nazvan prema Nielsu Bohru) je veličina koja označava klasično određen magnetski moment elektrona:

gdje je:

μB - Bohrov magneton,
e - elementarni naboj elektrona,
ħ - reducirana Planckova konstanta,
me - masa elektrona,

Mjerena vrijednost Bohrova magnetona iznosi μe ≈ 9285 · 10–24 A ∙ m2. Analogno se po Bohrovu modelu za protone u jezgri atoma dobiva vrijednost nuklearnog magnetona μp ≈ 5051 · 10–27A ∙ m2, ali je ona zbog takozvane hiperfine strukture znatno manja i ovisi o broju protona i neutrona u jezgri. [3]

Formule za izračunavanje magnetnog momenta

Magnetni moment se računa kao

gde su i su magnetni dipolni moment i zapremina dovoljno malog dela magneta .

Ova jednačina se može prikazati i kao:

gde su dm osnovni magnetni momenti i dV element opsega. Mrežni magnetni moment je jednak

gde trostruki integral označava integraciju preko volumena magneta. Za ravnomernu magnetizaciju (gde su i magnituda i smer ista je za ceo magnet (kao što je pravolinijski magnet), a poslednja jednačina se pojednostavljuje:

[4][5]

Izvori

  1. magnetski moment, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  2. Cullity, B. D.; Graham, C. D. (30. 03. 2009.). Introduction to Magnetic Materials. Wiley. str. 103. ISBN 978-0-470-38631-6. 
  3. magneton, [2] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  4. [Magnetic units http://www.ieeemagnetics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118&Itemid=107 Arhivirano 2017-05-08 na Wayback Machine-u IEEE Magnetics}]
  5. Peter J.Mohr, David B.Newell, Barry N. Taylor CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014 21 Jul 2015, vol.88 Reviews of Modern Physics

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