Analitička filozofija

Analitička filozofija je skup različitih metodologija i filozofskih tendencija. Nije teško identifikovati analitičke filozofe, ali nije lako utvrditi kriterijume koji su doveli do tog zaključka. Analitička filozofija je ponekad dobijala etikete tipa Oksfordska filozofija, ili lingvistička filozofija, ali takve etikete su prilično nerazumljive. Analitička filozofija nije izričito filozofska škola, pa ni doktrina, pa čak ni skup jasno definisanih propozicija. Analitički filozofi su u velikoj mjeri, iako ne u potpunosti, akademici sa engleskog govornog područja, koji upućuju svoja djela i spise, prvashodno, filozofima engleskog govornog područja.

Savremeni analitički filozofi su uglavnom intelektualni nasljednici Rasela, Mura i Vitgenštejna, grupe filozofa, koji su se svjesno bavili ”filozofskom analizom”, početkom XX vijeka. Analiza, onako kako su je shvatali Rasel i Mur, se ne bavi jezikom ”per se", nego konceptima i propozicijama. S njihove tačke gledišta, analiza je instrument od vitalnog značaja, za razotkrivanje strukture svijeta. Vitgenštejn, u djelu Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), je indirektno tvrdio, da struktura jezika razotkriva strukturu svijeta; po njemu svaki značajan jezički izraz se može razložiti na atomske sastojke, koji u svom krajnjem obliku predstavljaju pročišćene sastojke stvarnosti. U svom kasnijem djelu, Vitgenštejn je odbacio ovu ”traktanijansku” viziju, koja je uprkos tome imala značajan uticaj na Bečki Krug, dvadesetih godina, kao i na kasniji razvoj logičkog pozitivizma, tridesetih i četrdesetih godina XX vijeka.

Karnap i Ajer, obojica predstavnici pozitivizma, bili su stava da zadatak filozofije nije razotkrivanje eluzivnih metafizičkih istina, nego analiza naučnih hipoteza i teorija.

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