Фиал (архитектура)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Фиал.
Фиалы Кёльнского собора

Фиал (фр. phiala — чашечка, башенка) — в архитектуре готического стиля так называется гранёное шатровое навершие пирамидальной формы, венчающее башенки — пинакли. Рёбра пинаклей украшали краббами, а вершину — крестоцветом[1].

Иногда термин «фиал» употребляют в более широком значении: любой небольшой шпиль. В стиле поздней, пламенеющей готики фиалы приобретали изощрённую, спирально закрученную форму, наподобие языков пламени. О том, что этим элементам готической архитектуры придавали не только декоративное, но и символическое значение свидетельствует трактат немецкого строителя из Регенсбурга Маттеуса Рорицера «О преимуществах фиалов» (Der Fiale Gerechtigkeit, 1486) с двадцатью двумя чертежами, награвированными на дереве. Иллюстрации показывают, в частности, принципы готического пропорционирования[2].

Спирально закрученные фиалы, напоминающие языки пламени, — характерная деталь архитектуры «пламенеющей готики». Миниатюрные фиалы, согласно принципу миниатюризации, свойственному готическому искусству, украшают средневековую резную деревянную мебель, в частности кресла церковных хоров, и металлические реликварии.


Примечания

  1. ↑ Баторевич Н.И., Кожицева Т.Д. Малая архитектурная энциклопедия. — СПб.: «Дмитрий Буланин», 2005. — С. 587. — ISBN 5-86007-425-5.
  2. ↑ Власов В. Г. Фиал // Власов В. Г. Новый энциклопедический словарь изобразительного искусства. В 10 т. — СПб.: Азбука-Классика. — Т. X, 2010. — С. 79—80

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