Медаль Копли (англ.Copley Medal) — старейшая и наиболее престижная награда Лондонского королевского общества, старейшая из присуждаемых в мире в настоящее время научных наград[1][2]. Присуждается ежегодно за выдающиеся достижения в научных исследованиях, тематика которых чередуется в нечётные и чётные годы соответственно между областями физических и биологических наук[1], при этом награждаются не только физики и биологи, но и химики, геологи, математики, медики и другие[3]. Лауреату вручаются медаль и денежная премия в 25 000 фунтов стерлингов[4]. Среди удостоившихся медали Копли — Чарльз Дарвин, Дмитрий Менделеев, Альберт Эйнштейн, Иван Павлов[1][5].
Медаль учредил сэр Годфри Копли (1653—1709), богатый землевладелец, любитель науки и член Королевского общества. В своём завещании он распорядился учредить фонд, проценты с которого должны ежегодно направляться, по усмотрению Королевского общества, на поощрение научной деятельности. Кроме медали, лауреат получал денежную премию в размере 100 фунтов.
Первую премию получил в 1731 году Стивен Грей, за открытие передачи электричества на расстояние. Вторая премия (1732) досталась ему же. С тех пор премия, за редким исключением, присуждалась каждый год; среди её лауреатов 61 обладатель Нобелевской премии (18 — по физике, 18 — по химии (1 — дважды), 25 — по медицине)[6].
За его новые электрические эксперименты: — в качестве поощрения его за готовность, которую он всегда проявлял, помогая Обществу своими открытиями и улучшениями в этой части естественных знаний.
For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society
On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles
On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. — containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects
On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones
For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: — which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials
On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer
On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills
For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations
For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands
For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public
On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form
For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers
For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series
For his three Papers, — On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787
For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates
For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies
For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers
За его трактат — о последствиях рассечения барабанной перепонки уха; с учетом операции по удалению определенного вида глухоты.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his Papers — on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness
За его статьи, напечатанные в Philosophical Transactions. О влиянии мозга на работу сердца и порождении животного тепла; а также о различных способах причинения смерти некоторыми растительными ядами.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons
For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree
For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions
For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general.
For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, — On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year
For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works
For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833
For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires
For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet
For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements
For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen
For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation
For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825
For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin
For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse
For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861
For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire
For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours
For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: — 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat
For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones
For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published
For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry
For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics
For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years
За выдающиеся геологические услуги и особенно за оригинальные исследования и выводы, опубликованные в его великой работе «Das Antlitz der Erde» («Лик Земли»).
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'
За его длительные исследования в области спектроскопической химии, электрических и механических явлений в сильно разреженных газах, радиоактивных явлений и в других областях.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects
На основании огромной ценности его многочисленных вкладов в естествознание и той роли, которую он сыграл в разработке теории происхождения видов путем естественного отбора.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection
За выдающуюся работу по солнечным магнитным явлениям и выдающуюся роль научного инженера, особенно в связи с обсерваторией Маунт-Вильсон.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory
За создание современной генетики, которая произвела революцию в нашем понимании не только наследственности, но и механизма и природы эволюции.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution
За его новаторскую работу по электронной теории магнетизма, его фундаментальный вклад в разрядку электричества в газах и его важную работу во многих областях теоретической физики.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics
За его большой вклад в аэродинамику, гидродинамику и структуру металлов, которые оказали глубокое влияние на развитие физической науки и ее приложений.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications
За выдающуюся работу по химии радиоактивных элементов и особенно за разработку методов радиоактивных индикаторов в исследовании биологических процессов.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes
In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology
In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations
In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy
In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology
In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject
In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry
In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity
In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials
In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis
In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response
In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology
In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome
In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems
In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease
In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects
In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology
In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics — analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying — and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing
In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth
In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12
For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells
For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology
For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology
In recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science
За его плодотворные исследования взаимодействий внутри и между биологическими популяциями, которые изменили наше понимание того, как виды, сообщества и целые экосистемы реагируют на естественные или антропогенные нарушения.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance
За прекрасное и оригинальное понимание многих областей математики и математической физики. Сэр Роджер внес выдающийся вклад в общую теорию относительности и космологию, в первую очередь своей работой по чёрным дырам и Большому взрыву.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang
За его многочисленные научные вклады и, в частности, за начало исследований двумерных атомных кристаллов и их искусственных гетероструктур.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures
За фундаментальный вклад в физику элементарных частиц с его теорией, объясняющей происхождение массы элементарных частиц, подтвержденной экспериментами на Большом адронном коллайдере.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
За фундаментальный и революционный вклад в развитие электронной микроскопии биологических материалов, позволивший определить их атомную структуру.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced
В знак признания его исключительного вклада в науку и технологию материалов, включая его открытие, которое привело к созданию литиевых аккумуляторных батарей.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries
He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes
За то, что он, пожалуй, самый выдающийся астрофизик-теоретик своего поколения, ответственный за многочисленные и разнообразные концептуальные прорывы, влияние которого выходит далеко за пределы специализированного академического сообщества.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)
For being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community
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