Дисфемизм

Дисфеми́зм (др.-греч. δυσφήμη — неблагоречие) — грубое или непристойное обозначение изначально нейтрального понятия с целью придания ему негативной смысловой нагрузки или просто для усиления экспрессивности речи, например: сдохнуть вместо умереть, морда вместо лицо, башка вместо голова.

Дисфемизмы могут укореняться в языке как нейтральные названия: ср., например, фр. tête, итал. testa — голова < лат. testa — горшок, при нейтральном caput; в русском дисфемизм-калька горшок используется наряду с рус. кочан в том же значении голова[источник не указан 27 дней].

В роли дисфемизм-эпитетов, носящих заведомо оскорбительный характер с элементом дегуманизации, часто выступают применяемые к людям названия животных, к примеру, «свинья», «овца», «петух» или «крыса». Также дисфемизмы широко используются для оскорбительной характеристики людей по признаку расы, национальности, сексуальной ориентации и т. п.[1]

Термин «дисфемизм» иногда используют как синоним к слову «какофемизм». Однако их использование не стоит сводить к грубости и бескультурью.

Дисфемизмы широко используются в традиционных культурах (восточноазиатская и др.) с целью избежать сглаза: по отношению к собственным детям, женщинам, ценным предметам. Зачастую дисфемизмы скрадывают границу между суеверием и вежливым самоуничижением[источник не указан 27 дней].

См. также

Примечания

  1. ↑ Rawson, Hugh. Wicked words: a treasury of curses, insults, put-downs, and other formerly unprintable terms from Anglo-Saxon times to the present : [англ.]. — 1st. — New York : Crown Publishers, 1989. — ISBN 0-517-57334-2.


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