Spectroscopie

Analiza luminii albe cu ajutorul dispersiei printr-o prismă este un exemplu de spectroscopie.

Spectroscopia este o ramură a fizicii care se ocupă cu studiul metodelor de obținere a spectrelor, precum și cu măsurarea și interpretarea acestora.

Spectrul unei radiații electromagnetice se opune prin descompunerea ei într-un aparat spectral (spectroscop, spectrograf cu prismă, cu rețea etc) și constă dintr-o succesiune de imagini ale fantei de intrare, formate de diferitele radiații monocromatice ale luminii incidente.

Pentru studiul spectrelor, spectroscopia folosește metode vizuale, fotografice și fotoelectrice. În funcție de domeniul spectral al undelor electromagnetice și de aparatura folosită, există ramurile:

  • spectroscopie optică (pentru domeniul vizibil, ultraviolet și infraroșu),
  • spectroscopia radiației X, spectroscopia radiației gamma, spectroscopia hertziană (pentru undele hertziene și milimetrice);
  • spectroscopia alfa și spectroscopia beta se ocupa cu studiul spectrelor energetice ale radiațiilor alfa, respectiv beta.

După natura sistemului cuantic emițător (atom, moleculă, nucleu), spectroscopia se clasifică în spectroscopie atomică, moleculară și nucleară.

Spectroscopie optică

Analiza spectrala a luminii emise sau absorbite de un corp, spectroscopia optică, permite identificarea elementelor componente, stabilirea concentrației, determinarea structurii. Utilitatea spectroscopiei este demonstrată de larga răspândire a acestei metode: fizică, chimie, biologie, farmacie, medicină, geologie, astrofizică, știința materialelor, protecția mediului. În afară de multitudinea de aplicații practice, spectroscopia a avut o evoluție strâns legată de evoluția fizicii fundamentale. Multe[care?] din marile progrese ale fizicii secolului al XX-lea se datorează creșterii preciziei în măsurarea spectrelor optice ale celor mai simpli atomi: atomul de hidrogen și, respectiv, cel de heliu.

Spectroscopie astronomică

Spectroscopia astronomică, ramură a spectroscopiei, este unul din principalele mijloace folosite de astrofizicieni la studierea Universului.

Articol principal: Spectroscopie astronomică.

Tipurile de spectroscopie

Tehnici de spectroscopie electromagnetică după domeniul lungimii de undă
Domeniul lungimii de undă Lungimea de undă Tip de spectroscopie
Radiofrecvență > 100 µm Spectroscopie a rezonanței magnetice nucleare
Microunde > 30 µm Rezonanță paramagnetică electronică
Rezonanță feromagnetică
Infraroșu de la 1 la douăzeci de µm Spectroscopie în infraroșu
Spectroscopie aproape de infraroșu
Spectroscopie vibrațională
Spectroscopie rotațională
Vizibil și ultraviolet ×102 nm Spectroscopie ultraviolet-vizibil
Spectroscopie de fluorescență
Spectrofotometrie
Spectroscopie Raman
Spectroscopie Brillouin
Spectroscopie de corelație de fluorescență
Raze X < 100 nm Spectrometrie de absorbție a razelor X
EXAFS, XANES
Spectrometrie de fluorescență X clasică și în reflexie totală
Microsonda Castaing
Raze gamma spectrometrie gamma
Spectrometrie Mössbauer

Bibliografie

  • John M. Chalmers, and Peter Griffiths (Eds.), Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (5 Volume Set), Wiley, New York (2002).
  • Jerry Workman and Art Springsteen (Eds.), Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners, Academic Press, Boston (1998).

Legături externe

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