Via ferroviária Turquestão–Sibéria

A via ferroviária Turquestão–Sibéria (em russo: Туркестано-Сибирская магистраль ou Турксиб) é uma linha de caminho de ferro ligando a Ásia Central à Sibéria. Antiga ligação interior da URSS, esta via atravessa hoje quatro estados: o Uzbequistão, o Quirguistão, o Cazaquistão e a Rússia.

Selo postal de Cazaquistão, dedicado aos 75 anos de Turksib

Com um total de 2375 km, vários troços foram construídos antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial. A norte, uma linha ligava Semipalatinsk a Novossibirsk (650 km). Ao sul, o governo czarista tinha autorizado a construção de uma via ferroviária entre Tasquente e Alma Ata, mas só o troço Tasquente-Bisqueque ficou concluído. Foi a parte central, de um comprimento de 1442 km, que foi construída entre 1926 e 1931. O "Turksib" foi posto em serviço em 1931. Era uma das grandes obras do Primeiro plano quinquenal da União Soviética. O responsável pelos trabalhos era um antigo anarco-sindicalista americano de origem russo, Vladimir Sergueievitch Chatov, também chamado Big Bill, que tinha regressado a Rússia após a Revolução russa de 1917.[1] Era vice-comissário dos caminhos de ferro.[2]

O "Turksib" devia favorecer o desenvolvimento e a sovietização da Ásia Central. Permitia assim trocar o trigo da Sibéria contre o algodão do sul. Foi uma das primeiras realizações do regime comunista, construído em tempo recorde, entre dezembro de 1926 e janeiro de 1931, em condições extremas, através das estepes glaciais, desertos ardentes e montanhas com neve. Perto de cinquenta mil operários — dos quais muitos faleceram aí — participaram nesta obra, que foi exaltado na União soviética porque devia favorecer a unidade do pais e criar uma classe operaria na Ásia Central. Os trabalhos não se fizeram sem graves conflitos étnicos entre operários russos e cazaques. Em memoria dos construtores do "Turksib", uma rua da Moscovo foi batizada "boulevard dos Entusiastas" (é lenda errónea). A obra continua a ser um orgulho.

O "Tursib" liga as cidades de Tasquente e Novossibirsk e põe assim em relação o Transcaspiano e o Transiberiano. A via ferroviária parte de Tasquente, no Uzbequistão, onde ela separa-se do caminho de ferro Transcaspiano. Ela dirige-se depois para norte-leste e atravessa as cidades de Chimkent, Taraz, Bisqueque e atinge Almati. Dai, o "Turksib" dirige-se para norte e atravessa a fronteira Cazaquistão–Rússia, depois passa em Barnaoul e chega a Novossibirsk, onde se junta ao Transiberiano.

A construção dessa via ferroviária foi levada ao cinema através do filme de propaganda com o título Turksib, realizado em 1929 por Victor Tourine, e cenário de Victor Chklovski. Esse documentário mudo, sem a mínima música, em preto e branco, duração de 57 minutos, apresenta essa obra como um triunfo da União Soviética sobre os elementos naturais.[3]

Ligações externas

Bibliografia

  • Matthew J. Payne, Stalin's Railroad : Turksib and the Building of Socialism, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh University Press, 2001.ISBN 978-0-8229-4166-8. (em inglês)

Referências

  1. ↑ Paul Avrich, « Russian anarchists and the Civil War », The Russian Review, volume 27, n° 3, juillet 1968, p. 296-306. [1]
  2. ↑ foi brutalmente posto de lado por Stalin em 1933. « Fall of Big Bill », Time, 31 julho 1933. [2]
  3. ↑ «Turksib : Building a Railroad». Consultado em 17 de outubro de 2009. Arquivado do original em 20 de junho de 2009 

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