Sândi

 Nota: Não confundir com Sandy.

Sândi ou Sandhi (sânscrito: संधि, "união") é um termo usado para uma variedade de processos fonológicos que ocorrem nas extremidades de um morfema ou palavra e à alteração de sons devido a sons vizinhos ou à função gramatical de palavras adjacentes. Acontece particularmente na fonologia sânscrita, daí a denominação com uma palavra sânscrita, mas muitas línguas têm sandhi.

Como uma palavra de origem sânscrita, a pronúncia da palavra "sândi" pode variar entre os faladores de línguas modernas, como o inglês. De acordo com a fonologia sânscrita, a palavra pode ser pronunciada como /sən̪d̪ʰi/. Pronúncias aceitáveis em inglês incluem: /ˈsʌndi/, /ˈsændi/, /ˈsɑːndi/, entre outras. Em português, tende-se a pronunciar [sɐ̃di] ou [sɐ̃d͡ʒɪ].

Tipos de sândi

  • Sândi interno é a alteração de sons nas palavras nas extremidades dos morfemas, como em simpatia (syn + pathia).
  • Sândi externo refere-se a mudanças encontradas nas extremidades das palavras, como na pronúncia de dois mil e um, [dojs mili um], em algumas regiões do Brasil, ou a de duas entradas, [duazentradas], noutros dialetos do português, nomeadamente o europeu. Um exemplo de sandhi externo é o processo chamado liaison, da língua francesa.

Mesmo sendo extremamente comum na fala, o sandhi é tipicamente ignorado na escrita, como é o caso no português e no inglês (com exceção da distinção entre os artigos definidos a e an). Efeitos do sandhi externo podem por vezes se tornar morfologizados (ou seja, se aplicam somente em certos ambientes morfológicos ou sintáticos) e, com o tempo, se tornar mutações consonantais.

A maioria das línguas tonais tem sandhi tonal, em que as entonações das palavras alteram de maneiras complicadas. Por exemplo: o mandarim tem quatro entonações: uma alta monotônica, uma ascendente, uma cadente-ascendente e uma cadente. No cumprimento comum nǐ hǎo, ambas as palavras normalmente teriam a entonação ascendente cadente. No entanto, é difícil de se pronunciar, então a entonação de muda para , embora não mude ortograficamente quando escrito em Hanyu Pinyin.

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