Propriedade social

Propriedade social é a apropriação do produto excedente produzido pelos meios de produção por uma sociedade ou comunidade como um todo, e é a característica definidora de um sistema econômico socialista.[1] Pode assumir a forma de propriedade estatal, propriedade comum, propriedade dos funcionários, propriedade cooperativa e propriedade cidadã.[2] Tradicionalmente, a propriedade social implicava que os mercados de capitais deixariam de existir sob o pressuposto de que as trocas de mercado dentro do processo de produção seriam redundantes se os bens de capital fossem de propriedade e integrados por uma única entidade ou rede de entidades representativas da sociedade.[3] Mas a articulação de modelos de socialismo de mercado onde os mercados de fatores são utilizados para alocar bens de capital entre empresas de propriedade social ampliou a definição para incluir entidades autônomas em uma economia de mercado. A propriedade social dos meios de produção é a característica definidora comum de todas as várias formas de socialismo.[4]

As duas principais formas de propriedade social são a propriedade pública em toda a sociedade e a propriedade cooperativa. A distinção entre essas duas formas reside na distribuição do produto excedente. Com a propriedade pública em toda a sociedade, o excedente é distribuído a todos os membros do público por meio de um dividendo social, ao passo que, com a propriedade cooperativa, o excedente econômico de uma empresa é controlado por todos os trabalhadores-membros dessa empresa específica.[5]

O objetivo da propriedade social é eliminar a distinção entre a classe de proprietários privados que são os destinatários da renda passiva de propriedade e os trabalhadores que são os destinatários da renda do trabalho (ordenados, salários e comissões), de modo que o produto excedente (ou lucros econômicos no caso do socialismo de mercado) pertencem à sociedade como um todo ou aos membros de uma determinada empresa. A propriedade social permitiria ganhos de produtividade com a automação do trabalho para reduzir progressivamente a duração média da jornada de trabalho, em vez de criar insegurança no emprego e desemprego. A redução do tempo de trabalho necessário é central para o conceito marxista de liberdade humana e superação da alienação, um conceito amplamente compartilhado por socialistas marxistas e não marxistas.[6][7]

A socialização como processo é a reestruturação da estrutura econômica, da estrutura organizacional e das instituições de uma economia em bases socialistas.[8] A noção abrangente de socialização e a forma de propriedade pública da propriedade social implica o fim da operação das leis do capitalismo, a acumulação de capital e o uso do dinheiro e da valorização financeira no processo de produção, juntamente com uma reestruturação da organização no nível do local de trabalho.[9][10]

Referências

  1. Brus, Wlodzimierz (25 de outubro de 2013). The Economics and Politics of Socialism. [S.l.]: Routledge. 88 páginas. ISBN 978-0415866477. Ownership means that the object owned is disposed of by the owner in his own interests (broadly conceived). For ownership to be social, therefore, it must satisfy two criteria: the disposition of the object owned must be in the interest of society and the owned object must be disposed of by society. 
  2. O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24187-1. In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialised ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity. ,
  3. Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. [S.l.]: Open Court. pp. 175–77. ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration. 
  4. Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. [S.l.]: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism. Yet having stated this as the common definition of socialism, one must necessarily admit that there are a wide variety of views among socialists of various stripes as to just what constitutes social ownership and control of the means of production, distribution and exchange. 
  5. Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 10: "Here again there are two principal variants of such social claims to income, depending on the nature of the community holding the claim: (1) Public surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to an agency of the government (at the national, regional, or local level), representing a corresponding community of citizens. (2) Worker surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to enterprise workers."
  6. Peffer, Rodney G. (2014). Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-60888-4. Marx believed the reduction of necessary labor time to be, evaluatively speaking, an absolute necessity. He claims that real wealth is the developed productive force of all individuals. It is no longer the labor time but the disposable time that is the measure of wealth. 
  7. Saros, Daniel E. (2014). Information Technology and Socialist Construction: The end of Capital and the Transition to Socialism. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-74292-4. Another characteristic that Marx and Engels emphasized as a central feature of a future socialist society was a shorter workday. According to Tucker, Marx had a ‘vision of man in a future condition of freedom-creative leisure’ that he described in volume 3 of Capital. 
  8. "the act or process of making socialistic: the socialization of industry." "Socialization" at Dictionary.com
  9. Otto Neurath's concepts of socialization and economic calculation and his socialist critics. Retrieved July 5, 2010: «Archived copy» (PDF). Consultado em 5 de julho de 2010. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 12 de setembro de 2011 
  10. What is socialization? A program for practical socialism, by Korsch, Karl. 1975. Duke University Press. New German Critique, No. 6, pp. 60-81: "The socialization demanded by socialism signifies a new regulation of production with the goal of replacing the private capitalist economy with a socialist communal economy."
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